1. Matter and Energy

2. Phases of matter Solids- definite shape and volume Crystalline- orderly arrangement of atoms- diamond Crystalline- orderly arrangement of atoms- diamond Amorphous-opposite- gum Amorphous-opposite- gum

3. Phases con’t Liquid- definite volume no definite shape. Surface tension-force acting on particles at the surface causing droplets to form. Surface tension-force acting on particles at the surface causing droplets to form.

4. Phases cont’d Gas- no definite shape and no definite volume. Particles expand and spread out.

5. Change in phase/state Condensation- energy released when gas changes to a liquid Temperature and state do not change together

6. Energy must be added to separate the particles as ice melts; the same amount of energy is released when water freezes. Energy is absorbed when water vaporizes; the same amount of energy is released when the water vapor condenses. Energy Released to condense Energy absorbed To vaporize –20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Relative energyTemperature (˚C) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Energy Released to Solidify Energy absorbed to melt

7. Change in phase/state Evaporization- energy required to change liquid to gas Sublimation- energy required to change solid to a gas States of Matter Clip States of Matter Clip

9. Kinetic Theory All matter is made of atoms that act like particles All matter is made of atoms that act like particles Particles are always in motion, hotter= faster

10. Kinetic theory con’t At same temperature heavier particles move slower than lighter particles.

11. Conservation of mass and energy– we cannot create or destroy either

12. Energy The ability to change matter and the capacity to do work Kinetic energy – energy of motion Kinetic energy – energy of motion Potential energy- energy of position Potential energy- energy of position

13. Energy con’t Temperature- Average kinetic energy. Amount of particles do not matter High temperature means high kinetic energy

14. Energy con’t Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of particles that make up the object. The bigger the object more T.E. Thermal energy is the total kinetic energy of particles that make up the object. The bigger the object more T.E.

15. 3-2 Fluids Fluids are gases and liquids. They have the ability to flow. A liquid has weak bonds A gas is free to move – molecules independent

16. Buoyancy- the upward force of fluids exerted on an object. Like when you do a belly flop

17. Fluids con’t Pressure is force per unit of area P= f/a Pressure= pascals P Pressure= pascals P Force= newtons N Force= newtons N Area = meters squared m 2 Area = meters squared m 2

18. Fluids con’t Archimedes's Principle Weight of displaced liquid equals the buoyant force on the object. Weight of displaced liquid equals the buoyant force on the object. Densitys and ships floating 82 Densitys and ships floating 82

19. Pascal’s Principal Fluid pressure is exerted in all direction in a closed container like tooth paste tubes.

20. Viscosity A viscous fluid such as honey does not flow readily, it has a large viscosity. Water has a low viscosity and flows easily Vis

21. Gases No Shape, No volume FastFluid Constantly moving Low density ( floats) Compressible Spread out

22. 3 Gas Laws Boyle’s Law- temperature is constant and pressure and volume are opposites ( 1 goes up the other goes down) example- squeeze/ release bottle

23. Charles law – Pressure is constant and temperature and volume go up or down together ( 1 goes up the other goes up) ex. freezer & balloon Charles law – Pressure is constant and temperature and volume go up or down together ( 1 goes up the other goes up) ex. freezer & balloon Guy- Lussac’s- Volume is constant and temperature and pressure go up/down together. Ex. Paint can & fire