The Election of 1796 Federalists select Vice-president John Adams Democratic-Republicans select Thomas Jefferson Campaigning was of a nasty nature, Jefferson was attacked for not being religious and for his closeness to the French Revolution, while Adams was attacked for being fond of the British monarchy and being aloof.

Election of 1796 Should we be surprised by today’s speech?

Campaign Issues Issues Who won? Personalities Whiskey Rebellion Jay’s Treaty Need for a Bank Who won? Adams 71 to 68 Jefferson becomes Vice President

The Electoral College Adams wins Presidency by three votes, Jefferson V-P

A look inside the numbers What does the map reveal about the strengths of each political party and their candidate? Do you believe that the map supports the general portrayal of the candidates?

John Adams – a short movie http://www.history.com/topics/john-adams/videos#president-john-adams

Issues with France Jay’s Treaty, Hamilton and Jefferson viewpoints Seizure of US ships, threatened hanging of US citizens onboard captured British ships US diplomats turned away by France, a no win situation for Pres. Adams

THE XYZ Affair Adams attempts to negotiate a new peace agreement with France US diplomats are greeted with demands for a $250,000.00 bribe from French Minister Talleyrand and a $12million loan. John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry and Charles Pinckney return to US.

“Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute!” Public outcry for war Adams strengthens US navy and begins attacking French privateers. In two years the US Navy will sink or capture 90 French vessels in the “Quasi-War”

Peace at last Adams again attempts a diplomatic solution Treaty of Mortefontaine or Convention of 1800 ends hostilities, terminates all prior agreements and established trade ties. Adams – Hamilton friendship ruined, loses support of Federalist Party

Alien and Sedition Acts Attempt by Federalists to silence political opposition President will have power to arrest and deport aliens and fine and imprison citizens for treasonable or secret leanings” Federalists believed Acts were “war time Measures”

Alien and Sedition Acts Series of four laws to protect national security and weaken Democratic-Republican Party, Alien Enemies Act – determine if foreigners were a threat during wartime, especially the French and “Wild Irish” Alien Friends Act – deportation during peace or war if person viewed as a threat Naturalization Act – wait for citizenship increased to 14 years, most immigrants joined Democratic-Republican Party Sedition Act – opposition to the government forbidden Acts were a response to fear from within

Irish Images from our past

Democratic-Republican Response Federalist actions were attacks on First Amendment freedoms Jefferson and James Madison author the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Promote a states rights or compact theory of government, states had formed a COMPACT when Constitution was ratified, states have the power to nullify federal acts they deem UNCONSTITUTIONAL

Federalist Response Constitution is an agreement between the people and not the states Only Federal Courts could determine the actions of the other two branches What will the states rights theory lead to in the next 70 years? Fact Check – Pres. Adams never used the Alien Act, Sedition Act resulted in 11 trials and 10 convictions

Election of 1800 A modern recreation of days gone by http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_zTN4BXvYI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

The Revolution of 1800 Map of the Presidential Election of 1800. Aaron Burr works a deal for with Dem-Rep. legislators in favor of Jefferson Jefferson v. Adams A bloodless change of leadership Jefferson wins after election goes to House of Representatives

The 12th Amendment Ratified in 1804 Prevents ties in presidential elections Separate ballots are cast for president & vice-president

Jeffersonian Principles Representative Democracy is the core political value of America Yeoman farmer best example of virtue & independence, not corrupting influences of the city & big business Avoid entangling alliances while spreading the “American Empire of Liberty” National government is a dangerous necessity, should serve the people, watched closely and have limited powers Religion and government should be separate Individual and states rights must be sacred Standing army and navy are threats to people and their liberty

Marbury V. Madison Background of the case? Jefferson won the election of 1800 Federalists fear they have lost control of the government How did Federalists tighten their hold on the judiciary? Judiciary Act of 1801 Created new circuit courts and 16 judgeships Many appointees called Midnight Judges Jefferson repeals the Act in 1802 and eliminates the judges

Marbury V. Madison The issue? Marbury and other people appointed to judgeships but never received their commissions Madison refused to deliver the commissions Marbury sues in the Supreme Court? Asks for an Writ of Mandamus

The Legal Issues Were (midnight) judges legally appointed to serve? Did Jefferson/Madison have the right to refuse to deliver the commissions? Could the Court order the delivery of the commissions?

The Decision and Impact The Supreme Court Agreed with Marbury’s right to sue Court stated it did not have the right to force the President to act Marshall declared that Section 13 of the Judicial Act of 1789 that gave the Court the right to issue writs was unconstitutional Unconstitutional because it increased the power of the Court by an Act of Congress Could only be done by Constitutional Amendment

Impact of the Case “The final interpreter of the Constitution” Marshall takes for the supreme court its most important role : “The final interpreter of the Constitution” Marshall Served from 1801 – 1835 Strong Federalist Strengthened the power of the Federal Government

Marbury v. Madison

Barbary Wars May 1801 – Pasha of Tripoli declares war on US after Jefferson refuses to pay tributes of $225,000.00 and annual tributes of $25,000.00 May 20th Jefferson dispatches a naval squadron to the North African coast

Original map can be found at: Barbary Wars Map of Tripoli Original map can be found at: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/libya/tripoli/tripoli.html In his first annual message, Jefferson addresses the Barbary Wars. He justifies his actions of sending a naval fleet to the Mediterranean. He also outlines the reasons the Pasha of Tripoli declared war with the United States.

Barbary Wars 1803 – Jefferson faces much criticism for his decisions made regarding the war The Philadelphia runs aground in the Tripoli Harbor and it crew and captain are taken captive

Barbary Wars Realizing that there was no way to recapture the Philadelphia, Commodore Preble devises a plan to destroy the ship February 4, 1804 the Philadelphia was destroyed. August 3, 1804 the first attack against Tripoli took place when the Constitution’s guns fired on the city. September 1804 – the final battle takes place in the harbor of Tripoli September 1804 – Commodore Barron arrived with backup for Commodore Preble Commodore Barron, who is senior in rank to Preble, continued the blockade and started looking for a new way to peace Shortly after Commodore Barron arrive, Commodore Preble retired June 4, 1805 after the Pasha of Tripoli had been replaced, a treaty was made with the United States and the prisoners were released

Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 Robert Livingston & James Monroe signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty in Paris The United States paid $15 million for the land, roughly 4 cents per acre The purchase added 828,00 square miles of land west of the Mississippi to the United States July 4 the Louisiana Purchase is publicly announced

Maps of the Louisiana Purchase

Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 Jefferson asks Congress for funds to explore the land west of the Mississippi His goal is to find a water route to the Pacific May 1804 Meriwether Lewis and William Clark depart on the expedition

Lewis and Clark Expedition January 18, 1803 Jefferson sends a secret message to congress regarding the Lewis and Clark Expedition In this message Jefferson asks for permission to establish trading with the Native Americans

Jefferson Louisiana Purchase Nickel

Second Inaugural Address Delivered on March 4, 1805 Stresses the importance of American neutrality in matters of foreign affairs Outlines the Louisiana Purchase and the processes by which the original inhabitants of the land will become citizens of the United States Stresses the importance of harmony amongst all inhabitants of America

Embargo Act of 1807 1803 - Renewal of the Napoleonic Wars between France and Great Britain America was once again trapped between the two nations Jefferson wanting to stay neutral proposed an embargo on all foreign trade This was highly unsuccessful and devastated the American Economy The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was put in place to repeal the unsuccessful Embargo Act