Madison’s Administration & The War of 1812 1808-1816

Election of 1808 Madison (DR) widely viewed as pre-eminent American political philosopher Wrote Constitution, some of Federalist Papers Jefferson’s Sec. of State, Dem-Rep. party leader On other hand, poor speaker, stubborn, not Jefferson Jefferson’s blessing enabled another DR presidential victory in 1808 election However, problems leftover from Jefferson’s tenure still not resolved

James Madison 4th President

Commercial Warfare Madison’s tenure dominated by economic/political turmoil Like Jefferson, attempted diplomacy/economic pressure to stay out of Napoleonic Conflicts Unlike Jefferson, he failed Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 – effort to resolve Jefferson’s effect on economy, allowed trade w/Europe except w/UK + France Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) – proposal to drop boycott of either France OR Britain, whichever refrained from attacking American shipping FIRST Napoleon obliged, knowing that it would draw US into war w/UK Britain’s policy of attacking American commerce heading to Europe/France known as “Orders in Council” obliged Britain to attack American shipping

War of 1812: Causes “Mr. Madison’s War” had 3 primary causes 1. Frontier Pressures Settlers pushing Indians further westward, continually wanting more land controlled by British-backed natives (including British Canada and Spanish Florida) since the Treaty of Paris (1783) “Cut up every Indian cornfield and burn every Indian town” – SC congressman 1795 Treaty of Greenville signed under duress, chiefs consented to white migration Lewis & Clark expedition sparked more interest in new territory Migration from NE to NY, KY, TN, etc. in the hundreds of thousands Tecumseh (warrior) and Prophet (Tenskatawa- religious leader) Shawnee brothers trying to unite Indians east of Mississippi R. Tenskwatawa has vision that Indians must return to traditional culture Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) William Henry Harrison attacked and defeated Indian stronghold British had minimally backed Tecumseh’s union, thus allowing American settlers to justify war with British in Canada and Trans-Appalachia

Tecumseh’s Confederation Theme: Indian Resistance Pope’s Rebellion Pequot War/King Phillip’s War French and Indian War Tecumseh’s Confederation More to follow… Eventually this will be a CCOT “Where today are the Pequot? Where are the Narragansett, the Mochican, the Pocanet, and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man ... Sleep not longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws ... Will not the bones of our dead be plowed up, and their graves turned into plowed fields?”

Describe the POV of the image above. Analyze both the cause and effect of the image.

War of 1812: Causes (cont’d) 2. Commercial strife (continuing from earlier) Impressment by British still occurring, Macon’s Bill No. 2 3. War Hawks 1810 congressional election had brought new DR leaders from frontier states into Congress John C. Calhoun (SC), Henry Clay (KY) These “War Hawks” argued that the only way to gain control of Indian land, end impressment, “defend honor” was WAR Madison forced to declare war again w/Britain Ironically, word that Britain had suspended Orders in Council/Impressment reached White House after war declared … no going back.

War of 1812 War of 1812 split the nation, politically Northerners/Federalists did not support “Mr. Madison’s War” for territory Nation became increasingly divided by North/South + West lines - seeds of sectionalism Madison won reelection in 1812, while anti-war congressional candidates elected in Northeast

War of 1812: Events Sequence of events Invasion of Canada, 1812 > disastrous Naval Battles > Constitution makes a name for the US Navy, Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British on Lake Erie (1813) coincided w/ Tecumseh's death in battle British Invasion > Napoleon’s defeat in 1814 allowed British to invade Chesapeake, burn White House, Battle at Fort McHenry (Star-Spangled Banner) Andrew Jackson makes name > Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Battle of New Orleans... won 2 weeks AFTER war was technically over Treaty of Ghent > signed in 1814, didn’t resolve issues, reset Canadian boundary, war was essentially a stalemate Hartford Convention > 1814 (called as Ghent and New Orleans were underway) Radical federalists disapproved of war, held convention in CT Wanted to amend Constitution’s rules for declaring war OR secede News of New Orleans/Treaty of Ghent made Federalists look unpatriotic, sealed their fate once and for all

War of 1812: Legacy US gained respect of Europe after surviving another war w/ Britain US accepted British Canada as neighbor Federalism declined as a political faction Talk of nullification and secession in NE set a precedent for the Southern states during the 1850s/60s Abandoned by the British, Native Americans were forced to surrender to American settlement British still blockading, industrial self-sufficiency emerging in North Nationalism built around a new generation of western politicians like Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Henry Clay – seeds planted for Manifest Destiny rather than relationships with Europe

Review SAQ Answer both a and b. Choose ONE of the choices below, and explain why your choice best demonstrates how Presidents Jefferson and Madison largely relied on economic policies to carry out their foreign policies. Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act Macon’s Bill No. 2 Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice.