Gregory Rose ANCORS / CTCP University of Wollongong New Legal Mechanisms to Promote Environmental Law Enforcement Cooperation Gregory Rose ANCORS / CTCP University of Wollongong

Global Environmental Crime Missing Bridge Legal framework Link two legal systems Engagement across national borders to combat transnational environmental crime

Global Environment Protection Treaties 1973 Endangered Species 1979 Migratory Species 1987 Ozone Layer 1989 Hazardous Waste 1992 Biodiversity 2001 Persistent Pollutants UN Environment Programme

Transnational Organised Crime Treaties 1988 Vienna Drug Trafficking 1974-2004 Counter-Terrorism 2000 Transnational Organised Crime & Protocols 2003 Corruption UN Institutions UNODC Crime Comm & Congress UNICRI

Transnational Environmental Harms Pollution Water pollution Air pollution Carbon accounting Waste product shipment Hazardous risk generation Habitat destruction Biodiversity Wildlife Logging Fishing Genetic resources GMOs Bio-contamination

Transnational Organised Crime Convention Transnational Organised Crime Serious organised transnational Harmonisation Participation, laundering, corruption, obstruction Enforcement Protocols People Trafficking People Smuggling Arms Smuggling

Transnational crime fighting tools New law enforcement tools to combat TOC Against money laundering Against obstruction of justice Against crime groups Against corruption Mutual assistance Cooperation

Harmonise Criminality Crime Treaties NOT proscribing acts of environmental harm Environment Treaties addressing criminal law mechanisms

International Cooperation Minimal Cooperation Crime Prevention UN Comm. on Crime Prevention & Criminal Justice 2007 work focused on forest exploitation, 2012 wider focus UN Congress 1995 meeting Environment Protection Treaties General implementation Interpol

New Environmental Crime Treaty Convention on Transnational Org Crime New Environment Protocol Harmonise criminalisation Cooperative enforcement UN bodies partnership Crime & Environment

Environmental Crime Harmonisation Multilateral environmental treaty bases Ozone, wildlife, fish, hazardous waste, etc Predicate offences for anti-money laundering Seizure of proceeds and share forfeited assets Reciprocal criminalisation Selected foreign environmental crimes Corporate offenders Criminal, fines, remediation, etc Admission of evidence standards Environmental monitoring technologies

Not International Crime Breach of environmental treaty Illegal non-compliance but not a crime International humanitarian crime Crime against humanity or war crime but not environmental

Conclusions Globalisation: Environmental harms & Environmental protections  Illegal activity & Law enforcement

Thank You grose@uow.edu.au