Physical Features Gobi Desert Kunlun Mts. Himalayan Mts. Huang He (Yellow) River Yangtze River

Middle Kingdom/ Ethnocentrism Mountains & Deserts in the north & west & Pacific in the east isolated China from outsiders Ethnocentrism-China was the center of the world All foreigners were Barbarians Lacked interest in foreign cultures

Texts – Analects/ writings of Confucius Confucianism Founded by Confucius 6th Century B.C. Texts – Analects/ writings of Confucius Filial Piety Respect for elders 5 relationships Father/son, Ruler/subject, husband/wife, older brother/ younger brother, friend/friend

Tao- “The Way” of the universe Live in Harmony with nature Taoism Founded by Lao-tzu 3rd century BC Tao- “The Way” of the universe Live in Harmony with nature Balance between Ying & Yang Rejected government

Highly powerful government is the key to social order Legalism Highly powerful government is the key to social order Punishment for offenses should be severe

Eightfold Path, ethical behavior & good deeds (Meditation) Buddhism Siddartha Gautama 5th Century BC Eightfold Path, ethical behavior & good deeds (Meditation) Ultimate goal is Nirvana

Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties Dynastic Cycles Rise, decline, and replacement of dynasties Mandate of Heaven- Rule by divine right.

Legalism/confucianism Centralized government Civil Service Exam Han Dynasty 210BC-220 AD Legalism/confucianism Centralized government Civil Service Exam

Legalism/ unified China Shi Huangdi Chin Dynasty 221BC-210BC Legalism/ unified China Shi Huangdi Burned rival books/regulated coinage Unified Great Wall of China

Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the Middle East Tang Dynasty 618-907 AD Revived Confucianism Expanded Trade (Silk Road) connected china to the Middle East

Mongols- Invaders from the north Led by Genghis Khan Mongol Rule Ruled China from 1279-1368AD Mongols- Invaders from the north Led by Genghis Khan China first experienced foreign rule under Kublai Khan Opened China to foreign contacts (Marco Polo)

Conflict between England & China over Opium Trade Opium War Conflict between England & China over Opium Trade Chinese easily defeated & forced to sign Treaty of Nanking Gave Britain Island of Hong Kong & extraterritoriality Right to live under own laws

Mao & the Rise of Communists Sun Yixian establishes republic of China 1911 3 Principles Nationalism, Democracy, livelihood Chiang Kai Shek takes over leadership of Kuomintang (Nationalists) 1925

Taiwan- the Republic of China Peoples Republic of China Mainland

Mao & the Rise of Communists Civil War between Nationalists & Communists Mao Zedong & Communist defeat Nationalists under Chiang Kai Shek (Taiwan)

Mao & the Rise of Communists Great Leap Forward- Program to increase industrial & Agricultural Output (Collectivization) Cultural Revolution- Renewal of Loyalty to Communism & purge China of non revolutionary forces

Leaders after Mao are more moderate UN membership in 1971 Legacy of Mao Leaders after Mao are more moderate UN membership in 1971 President Nixon visits China in 1972 US Recognizes China in 1979

4 modernizations: Industry,Farming, Science & technology, Defense. Leader: Deng Xiaoping promoted foreign trade and contact with western World 4 modernizations: Industry,Farming, Science & technology, Defense. Eliminated communes

Economic Reform: supported capitalist ideas but remained strongly Communist Tiananmen Square- 1989 student uprising in May 1989 1000’s killed or wounded. 10,000 arrested Human rights violations still a huge issue

Leader Jiang Zemin (1997-today) Economically open/ politically closed China in the 1990's Leader Jiang Zemin (1997-today) Economically open/ politically closed Transfer of Hong Kong (1997) from British control Agreed not to change Hong Kong’s political or economic system for 50 years