1. China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms

2. Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism ( )
Rethinking the Soviet model ( )
Great Leap Forward ( )
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Cultural Revolution ( )
“Reforms and opening up” (1978- )

3. Legacies of imperial China
political philosophy of Confucius ( B.C.)
ordered hierarchy of harmonious relationships
bureaucracy of scholar-officials
political system of centralized imperial rule
endured from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D.
The last dynasty: Qing ( )
domestic rebellion and foreign encroachment
replaced by the Republic of China in 1912

4. War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-1945)

5. GMD-CCP Civil War 1946-1949 GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong

6. People’s Republic of China
, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

7. Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister

8. Great Leap Forward ( )
abandon the Soviet model of economic development
Soviet “scientific planning”
mass mobilization
people’s communes

9. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry
agricultural and human disaster

10. Growing Division ( )
Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

11. Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

12. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Purge of party cadres
Purge of intellectuals

13. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Purge of Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping
: Lin Biao
: Gang of Four

14. Diplomatic Achievements
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

15. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution

16. Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus
US-PRC established diplomatic relationship in 1979

17. Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping as the “general architect of reforms and opening up” ( )
Deng handpicked 3 successive CCP General Secretaries
Zhao Ziyang ( )
Jiang Zemin ( )
Hu Jintao (2002- )
economy “growing out of the plan”

19. Tian’anmen 1989
CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang (elite reformist) was removed from all positions
Deng Xiaoping retired from day-to-day policy making

20. “socialist market economy”
break the monopoly of state ownership
11 million private enterprises employ 113 million people at the end of 2012
41 million household enterprises employ 86 million people at the end of 2012
foreign-invested enterprises employ 12 million
reforms of the state-owned enterprises
transformation into joint-stock companies

24. Hong Kong On July 1, 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

25. China joined WTO in 2001 Expansion of trade and investment
weed out inefficient state-owned enterprises
further retreat of state from economy
further divide
urban-rural
coastal-inland
unemployment

26. Recent political changes
Then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced in 2001 that the Party would recruit private entrepreneurs
in the 18th CCP National Congress in November 2012, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the General Secretary of CCP
in the 12th National People’s Congress in March 2013, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the President of PRC