Section 1: American Nationalism Section 2: Early Industry Chapter Introduction Section 1: American Nationalism Section 2: Early Industry Section 3: The Land of Cotton Section 4: Growing Sectionalism Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Big Ideas Past and Present Increased national pride marked the years following the War of 1812. Section 1-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary revenue tariff protective tariff Academic Vocabulary interpret finalize Section 1-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Era of Good Feelings John C. Calhoun Seminoles Adams-Onís Treaty Monroe Doctrine Section 1-Key Terms

Economic Nationalism The surge of nationalism and the survival of only one political party created an atmosphere in which some economic proposals of the Federalists were enacted. Section 1

Economic Nationalism (cont.) After the War of 1812, a strong sense of national pride swept the United States. The Columbian Centinel called this time the “Era of Good Feelings.” Partisan infighting had largely ended in national politics because only the Republicans remained. James Monroe was president during this time. Building the National Road, 1811–1838 Section 1

Economic Nationalism (cont.) Due to problems that arose without a national bank, John C. Calhoun introduced a bill proposing the Second Bank of the United States. The bill passed in 1816. Section 1

Economic Nationalism (cont.) After the war, British goods flowed into the U.S. at such low prices that they threatened to put American manufacturers out of business. Congress responded with the Tariff of 1816, a protective tariff as opposed to a revenue tariff. Section 1

Judicial Nationalism Under Chief justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court issued decisions that helped strengthen the national government. Section 1

Judicial Nationalism (cont.) Between 1816 and 1824, the Supreme Court issued rulings that established the dominance of the nation over the states. Three important rulings by the Supreme Court: Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee—the Court decided that it had the authority to hear all appeals of state court decisions in cases involving federal statutes and treaties. Section 1

Judicial Nationalism (cont.) McCulloch v. Maryland—the Court ruled that the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional, even though the Constitution did not specifically give Congress the power to create one. It also ruled that taxing the national bank was a form of interference and, therefore, unconstitutional. Section 1

Judicial Nationalism (cont.) Gibbons v. Ogden—the Court ruled that the monopoly controlling steamboat traffic in New York, and thus New Jersey, was unconstitutional. Section 1

Nationalist Diplomacy The surge of national pride and confidence after the War of 1812 led the United States to push to expand its borders. Section 1

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) In the early 1800s, Spanish-held Florida was a source of anger and frustration for Southerners. Many runaway slaves and Creek groups retreated there—calling themselves Seminoles. After Andrew Jackson invaded Florida, Spain finally gave in and ceded Florida to the U.S. in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. Nationalism and Diplomacy, 1818–1823 Section 1

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) Secretary Adams urged Monroe to avoid working with the British when dealing with Spain and Russia. In 1823, President Monroe proclaimed that the American continents were “henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.” Section 1

Nationalist Diplomacy (cont.) Later called the Monroe Doctrine, this statement marked the beginning of a long-term American policy of trying to prevent European powers from interfering in Latin American political affairs. Section 1

Big Ideas Science and Technology New manufacturing techniques reshaped the way Americans worked. Section 2-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary free enterprise system interchangeable parts labor union strike Academic Vocabulary transportation extraction Section 2-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Erie Canal National Road Robert Fulton Industrial Revolution Francis C. Lowell Eli Whitney Samuel F. B. Morse Section 2-Key Terms

A Revolution in Transportation New modes of transportation unified the nation and strengthened its economy. Section 2

A Revolution in Transportation (cont.) In the summer of 1817, work on the longest canal in the nation—the Erie Canal—began. This project spurred a wave of canal building throughout the country. As early as 1806, the nation took the first steps toward a transportation revolution when Congress funded the building of a major east-west highway, the National Road. The Transportation Revolution, 1810–1840 Section 2

A Revolution in Transportation (cont.) States, localities, and private businesses took the initiative to build hundreds of miles of toll roads. The steamboat changed river travel—Robert Fulton and Robert R. Livingston chugged 150 miles up the Hudson River in just 32 hours. Railroads sped the settlement of the American West and expanded trade more than any other form of transportation during this time. Section 2

As railroads expanded, the need for which two goods increased dramatically? A. Iron and silver B. Coal and gasoline C. Iron and coal D. Gold and silver A B C D Section 2

A New System of Production A revolution in manufacturing —the Industrial Revolution—dramatically changed the American economy and way of life. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain in the mid-1700s, consisted of several basic developments: Manufacturing shifted from hand tools to large, complex machines. Skilled artisans gave way to often unskilled workers, organized by specific tasks. Factories replaced home-based workshops. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) Manufacturers sold their wares nationwide or abroad instead of just locally. Industry developed quickly in the U.S. due to the American free enterprise system. Industrialization began in the Northeast, where many streams and rivers could provide mills with waterpower. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) The American textile industry took a huge step forward when entrepreneur Francis C. Lowell began opening a series of mills in northeast Massachusetts in 1814. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) A wave of inventions and technological innovations further spurred the nation’s industrial growth. Eli Whitney—most famous for inventing the cotton gin—also popularized the concept of interchangeable parts, transforming gun-making from a one-by-one process into a factory process. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) Communications improved as well. American inventor Samuel F. B. Morse began work on the telegraph in 1832 and developed the Morse code for sending messages. Many city populations doubled or tripled during this time. The publishing industry grew to meet demand for reading materials. Section 2

A New System of Production (cont.) Factory workers numbered 1.3 million by 1860. Hoping to improve working conditions, some workers began to join together in labor unions. Unions had little success during this time—they had little power or money to support strikes to achieve their goals. Section 2

Life in the North The rise of industrialization and the growth of cities led to change and reform in American society. Section 2

Life in the North (cont.) The population growth in urban centers provided many challenges to city leaders. Some of the problems in cities included: crime fires unsanitary conditions disease overcrowding Wealth Distribution in Boston, 1833 Section 2

Life in the North (cont.) Until the 1850s, public schools did not exist in many cities, or attendance was not mandatory. Northern cities became havens for runaway slaves as well as free African Americans, but most African Americans remained poor. Even though industry and cities expanded in the Northeast during the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture remained the country’s leading economic activity. Section 2

Big Ideas Science and Technology The invention of the cotton gin made cotton a key part of the South’s economy and ensured that slavery continued to shape the South’s society and culture. Section 3-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary cotton gin yeoman farmer task system Academic Vocabulary annual ambiguous Section 3-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Frederick Douglass Gabriel Prosser Nat Turner Section 3-Key Terms

The Southern Economy The cotton gin made cotton the most important cash crop in the South and deepened the region’s dependency on enslaved labor. Section 3

The Southern Economy (cont.) After Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin, the South increased its cotton production from 6,000 to 100,000 bales annually. By 1860 production reached almost 4 million bales. While the cotton gin made some Southern planters rich, it also strengthened the institution of slavery. Cotton Production in the South Section 3

The Southern Economy (cont.) Between 1820 and 1850, the number of people who were enslaved in the South rose from about 1.5 million to nearly 4 million. Although the South became prosperous from agriculture, it did not industrialize as quickly as the North. Section 3

Society in the South In contrast to the North, the South had a rigid social class system dominated by a planter elite. Section 3

Society in the South (cont.) The economy of the South resulted in a society with a rigid and clearly defined class structure. The following classes existed: Planter elite—the smallest group, but the most influential Yeoman farmers—most of the white population Slaveholding in the South Section 3

Society in the South (cont.) White, rural poor—less than 10 percent of the white population African Americans—93 percent were enslaved There was also a small urban class of lawyers, doctors, merchants, and other professionals. Section 3

Slavery Enslaved African Americans had no legal rights; resistance and rebellion were two ways of coping with enslavement. Section 3

Slavery (cont.) Enslaved African Americans working in the fields were organized using two basic labor systems. On farms and small plantations that held few enslaved people, the task system was used. Slaveholders who owned large plantations adopted the gang system of labor. Slavery in America, 1800–1860 Section 3

Slavery (cont.) Frederick Douglass, who rose from slavery to become a prominent leader of the antislavery movement, wrote a book entitled Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. African American women did not have an easier time than men as enslaved people. An Economy Built on Enslaved Labor, c. 1850 Section 3

Slavery (cont.) Although most African Americans of the time lived in slavery, some did not. By 1850, some 225,000 free African Americans resided in the South. The experiences of freed African Americans differed from state to state, making their position in Southern Society ambiguous. Some were successful enough to own slaves themselves. Section 3

Slavery (cont.) African Americans dealt with the horrors of slavery in a variety of ways: songs religion resistance rebellion Section 3

Slavery (cont.) The first major slave uprising in the U.S. occurred in 1800 and was organized by an enslaved man named Gabriel Prosser. He and his men were caught and hanged. A group of African Americans in Virginia, led by Nat Turner, carried out an armed uprising on August 22, 1831. They killed more than 50 white people before state and local troops put down the uprising. Section 3

Big Ideas Government and Society The rise of a new political party represented a disagreement between those who wanted to expand federal power and those who wanted to limit it. Section 4-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary favorite son corrupt bargain mudslinging Academic Vocabulary controversy ignorance Section 4-Key Terms

People and Events to Identify Missouri Compromise Henry Clay William Crawford American System Section 4-Key Terms

The Missouri Compromise The Missouri Compromise tried to resolve, at least temporarily, the growing disagreement between Northern and Southern states over the issue of slavery. Section 4

The Missouri Compromise (cont.) The Missouri Compromise provided the following solution to the problem of slave states versus free states: Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Slavery would be prohibited in the Louisiana Purchase territory north of Missouri’s southern border. The Missouri Compromise Section 4

The Missouri Compromise (cont.) By a very close vote, carefully managed by Henry Clay of Kentucky, the House voted to accept the Compromise. Section 4

The Elections of 1824 and 1828 The presidential elections of 1824 and 1828 highlighted the growing sectionalism in the nation. Section 4

The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.) Four candidates ran for President in 1824, all of whom belonged to the Republican Party and were “favorite sons.” The four candidates were: Henry Clay—he favored the American System Andrew Jackson John Quincy Adams William Crawford Section 4

The Elections of 1824 and 1828 (cont.) John Quincy Adams was elected; he made Clay his secretary of state. They were accused on striking a “corrupt bargain,” but denied this charge. Two parties—the Democrats and the National Republicans—then formed. Section 4

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revenue tariff  tax on imports for the purpose of raising money Vocab1

protective tariff  tax on imports designed to protect American manufacturers Vocab2

interpret  to explain the meaning of complex material Vocab3

finalize  to put in finished form Vocab4

free enterprise system market economy in which privately owned businesses have the freedom to operate for a profit with limited government intervention Vocab5

interchangeable parts uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces Vocab6

labor union  an organization of workers formed for the purpose of advancing its members’ interests Vocab7

strike work stoppage by workers to force an employer to meet demands Vocab8

transportation  method of travel from one place to another Vocab9

extraction the act or process of drawing or pulling something out Vocab10

cotton gin  a machine that removed seeds from cotton fiber Vocab11

yeoman farmer  owner of a small farm with four or fewer enslaved persons, and usually none Vocab12

task system  a method of organizing enslaved labor wherein workers were given a specific set of jobs to accomplish every day, after which they were allowed to spend their time as they chose Vocab13

annual  occurring or happening every year Vocab14

ambiguous  to lack a definitive purpose Vocab15

favorite son  men who enjoyed the support of leaders from their own state and region Vocab16

corrupt bargain  an illegitimate agreement between politicians Vocab17

mudslinging attempt to ruin an opponent’s reputation with insults Vocab18

controversy  a prolonged public dispute Vocab19

ignorance the state of being uneducated, uninformed, or unaware Vocab20

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