1. New Industries, New Politics 1815-1828
Chapter 9
New Industries, New Politics
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2. Creating the Cotton Economy
Cotton’s dominant role in the economy came about quickly.
After the War of 1812, cotton quickly outstripped every other American export and remained a major American industry until the 1930s.
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3. Demand and Technology Eli Whitney – the cotton gin
The cotton gin that Whitney patented in 1794 could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.
The United States now had an export crop that could make it prosperous.
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4. Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports, 1800–1860
Figure 9-1, Cotton exports as a Percentage of all U.S. exports, 1800–1860
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5. The Land of Cotton
The black belt (named for its rich black soil), stretching from Georgia to Louisiana.
The quality of the soil made it perfect for growing cotton.
The federal government played a central role in the development of these lands.
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6. The Growth of Slavery in the Black Belt
MAP 9-1 The Growth of Slavery in the Black Belt.
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7. The Expanding Cotton Belt
MAP 9-2 The Expanding Cotton Belt
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8. The People Who Worked the Land—Cotton and the Transformation of Slavery
African slaves did most of the work.
Between 1800 and 1860, more than 1 million black Americans were forced to move to new homes in the interior cotton-growing lands.
Work in cotton fields was backbreaking.
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9. Cotton in the North—Factories and the People Who Worked in Them
Textile industry gave rise to the first factories
Francis Cabot Lowell
Lowell, Massachusetts
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10. Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832
MAP 9-3 Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832
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11. New York and the International Cotton Trade
New York City enjoyed several advantages that allowed it to play such a dominant role in the nation’s cotton economy.
New York was also the place in the United States to raise money.
The seeming insatiable European demand for cotton resulted in a rapid growth of the industry.
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12. The Panic of 1819
Suddenly in 1819, the growth came to a sudden if temporary halt.
The value of cotton fell.
The U.S. limited credit.
Depression affected all Americans.
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13. Commerce, Technology, and Transportation
Demand grew for American products such as corn, wheat, wood, and furs.
Internal transportation became essential for the country’s commercial development.
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14. The Erie Canal Albany to Buffalo, New York 363 miles 83 locks
Reduced transportation time and cost.
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15. Steamboats, Roads, Travel, and News
Robert Fulton – Clermont
The National Road
Lancaster Turnpike
Newspapers
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16. Canals and Roads in the United States
MAP 9-4 Canals and Roads in the United States
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17. Banks, Corporations, and Finance
Banks printed bank notes and made loans.
A new idea, that of a corporation as a free-standing commercial venture with multiple stockholders, took hold slowly.
Corporations become a feature of America life.
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18. The Reality of the New Market Economy
Where once rural America had moved to a relaxed, slow pace, the whole country was now a more unified commercial enterprise in which a “busy, bustling, disputatious tone” was the norm because people needed to work and work fast.
Money and politics more important
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19. From the Era of Good Feelings to the Politics of Division
James Monroe’s two terms as president from 1817 to 1825 were known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
Lack of rancor.
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20. The Supreme Court Defines Its Place
Two cases, in particular, demonstrated federal power over state power
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
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21. The Politics of Cotton and the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Slavery becomes a national issue
Question: Should Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free state or slave state?
Admit Missouri as a slave state and make Maine a free state
Furthermore, no future slavery north of 36°30’N - Missouri’s southern border
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22. The Missouri Compromise Line
MAP 9-5 The Missouri Compromise Line
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23. The Contested Election of 1824
No candidate had a majority of the electoral votes
Crawford suffered a stroke and Clay dropped out to support Adams
Adams 13, Jackson 7, Crawford 4. Adams becomes president
Clay later became Adams’ Sec. of State, known as “Corrupt Bargain”
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24. The Adams-Clay Agenda
Adams proposed a list of national improvements to be implemented by the federal government.
American System – promoted internal improvements, especially the building of roads and canals
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25. The Jackson Victory of 1828 and the Rebirth of Political Parties
A rematch between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
Jackson wins and helps to strengthen the emerging Democratic Party
Henry Clay becomes the core of the Whig Party
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