Class XI: Introduction to Verbs Dr. Esa Autero LAN 404 Beginning Hebrew I *Photo from https://www.flickr.com/photos/58558794@N07/7628799526/in/photostream/ Class XI: Introduction to Verbs Dr. Esa Autero

Introduction Hebrew Verbs Verbs depict action (he studied) or state of being (she is wise) Hb. has about 72,000 verbs – three verbs verse 2.1 Roots and Stems Many nouns have verbal counterparts No need to memorize the verbal form yet *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/ מֶלֶךְ King מָלַךְ To reign דָּבָר Word דִּבֵּר To speak מִשְׁפָּט Judgment שָׁפַט To judge

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Common set of consonants & related meaning  common root Root is the simplest form from which Hebrew words are derived Usually three sometimes two consonants Stem the most basic form of any word derived from a root Sharing of common root – basis for understanding the word מלךְ (tri-consonantal root) מֶלֶךְ (king) מַלְכָּה(queen) מַלְכוּת(kingdom) מָלַךְ (verb stem: to be king, reign) *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.2 Person, gender, number in verbs In Hebrew most verbs have person, number, and gender Patterns of inflection Different endings indicate person, number, gender May also be used with personal pronoun, usually to indicate emphasis כָּתַב He wrote כָּֽתְבָה She wrote *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Summary of person, number, and gender in verbs Person 1st 2nd 3rd I, we You He, she, it, they Gender Masculine Feminine Common Masculine subjects Feminine subjects Masculine/feminine Number Singular Plural One person or thing More than one person or thing *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.3 Verbal stems – an introduction Seven major stems Qal – basic stem Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael Type of verbal action – Voice of verbal action Verbal action Verbal voice Simple Intensive Causative Active Passive Reflexive Derived Stems *no other words or particles may stand between them. Voice: the relationship b/w the subject of the verb and the action of the verb

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Examples of verbal action and voice Verbal voice Example Active Passive Reflexive David defeated the enemy David was defeated by the enemy David dressed himself Relationship Between the Verb and the noun Verbal action Example Simple Intensive Causative David broke a jar David smashed a jar to pieces He caused David to break a jar *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Verbal stems and the diagnostics NOTE: The stem vowel is that vowel which is associated with the second consonant of the verbal root! English spelling Hebrew spelling Diagnostics Qal קַל Un-augmented Niphal נִפְעַל נִprefix; Pathach stem vowel Piel פִּעֵל Hireq-Tsere pattern Pual פֻּעַל Qibbuts-Pathach pattern Hiphil הִפְעִיל הִprefix; Hireq Yod stem vowel Hophal הָפְעַל הָprefix; Pathach stem vowel Hithpael הִתְפַּעֵל הִתְprefix; Tsere stem vowel *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.4 Basic meaning of verbal stems 1) Qal – the simple or basic stem Active voice (a few in passive though) Simple and un-nuanced action שָׁמַר “he heard” 2) Niphal – simple action with either passive or reflexive voice Whatever a verb means in Qal becomes passive or reflexive in niphal *no other words or particles may stand between them. נִשְׁמַע He was heard OR he heard himself שָׁמַע He heard Niphal Qal

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 3) Piel – intensive action with active voice Whatever a verb means in Qal receives some type of intensive nuance in the piel stem Unique vowel pattern and Daghesh Forte in the 2nd root consonant שִׁבֵּר He smashed into pieces שָׁבַר He broke Piel Qal *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 4) Pual – passive form of Piel Intensive action of Qal in passive voice Notice Daghesh Forte in the 2nd root consonant and Qibbuts-Pathach vowel pattern. שֻׁבַּר He/it was smashed into pieces שָׁבַר He broke Pual Qal *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 5) Hiphil – causative action with an active voice Causative action with active voice Notice the הִ prefix and the hireq-yod patter in the stem הִמְלִיךְ He caused to reign/he made (somebody) king מָלַךְ He was king/he reigned Hiphil Qal *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 6) Hophal – passive form of hiphil Expresses causative action in the passive voice Notice the prefix הָ and the vowel pattern הִמְלִיךְ He caused to reign/he made (somebody) king הָמְלַךְ He was made king Hiphil Hophal *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Summary of the verbal stems with translational values Notice the prefix הִת and the Daghesh Forte in the second root consonant Verbal stem Verbal form Translational value Qal שָׁמַע He heard Niphal נִשְׁמַע He was heard Piel שִׁבֵּר He smashed into pieces Pual שֻׁבַּר He/it was smashed into pieces Hiphil הִמְלִיךְ He made king Hophal הָמְלַךְ He was made a king Hithpael הִתְחַבֵּא He hid himself All verbs don’t occur in each stem *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Verbal stems and verbal meaning Notice that verb in Qal and other stems may be logical (see previous slide) Sometimes the connection is not apparent or logical Important to consult a lexicon when in doubt בָּרַךְ To kneel בֵּרֵךְ To bless, praise Qal Piel *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.5 Verbal conjugations English: participle, infinitive, imperative Also past, present, future tenses In Hebrew there are eight different verbal conjugations Perfect Imperfect Imperative Cohortative Jussive Infinitive construct Infinitive absolute Participle  Hebrew verb has seven verbal stems and eight conjugations Each of the Hebrew verbal stems (7) may be conjugated in each of the eight (8) conjugations *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.6 Brief overview of Hebrew conjugations 1) Perfect tense Expresses a completed action or a state of being Translated in English usually as “I studied” “I have studied” “I had studied” Time is relative to the context – aspect most important Sometimes perfect indicates future – the action is completed from God’s perspective 2) Imperfect Expresses incomplete action Usually translated by the English present or future tense “I study” “I will study” Also denotes habitual action or potential action depending on context *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 3) Imperative – second person command (“you”) Imperative +cohortative, and jussive express some type of Command, wish or desire Imperative is command primarily, sometimes request of permission 4) Cohortative – first person request/wish (“I/we’) Expresses wish, request, or command Sometimes indicates purpose at times (in order that) or result (resulting in) Only in the 1st person – “Let me/us honor the LORD…” 5) Jussive – third person request/wish (“he, she, it, they”) Mild command or strong wish – only in third person sg./pl. “May the LORD give you another son…”  Context will indicate the degree of wish or command intended *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 6) Infinitive construct Infinitive is a verbal noun – often functions like English infinitive Usually translated with “to” +verb – “to study/learn” 7) Infinitive absolute No English counterpart Often occurs with another verb – e.g. to emphasize its action Sometimes to express imperative type action Two verbal actions at the same time 8) Participle – verbal adjective Expresses verbal action “studying” Also functions adjectivally – as predicative, attributive, and substantive *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.7 Strong and Weak verbs Strong and weak verbs – two categories Strong verbs: no weak consonants Weak verbs: one or more weak consonants (ר and gutturals) Also נ , י but only as the first stem consonants Also biconsonantal (two root consonants) and geminate verbs (2nd and 3rd consonants are identical) Roman numerals (I, II, III) indicate which root letter is weak *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Classification of weak verbal roots – a summary chart Verb Description I-Guttural עָמַד Guttural in first root position II-Guttural גָּאַל Guttural in second root position III-ח/ע בָּרַח ח or עin third root position III-א מָצָא א in third root position III-ה בָּנָה ה in third root position I-י יָשַׁב י in first root position I-נ נָפַל נ in first root position Doubly weak עָלָה I-Guttural and III-ה (for one example) Biconsonantal קָם Only two root consonants Geminate סָבָב Identical second and third consonants *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs 2.8 Hebrew word order and sentence English verb order subject-verb-object “I see the car” Hebrew verb order free but commonly verb-subject-object “see I the car” – בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם Sometimes Hb. Sentence starts with direct object  emphasis Parsing Hebrew verbs Indicate the verbal stem, conjugation, and other info Details in the following chapters *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Introduction to Hebrew Verbs Root (קתל) Qal Stem (קָתָל) Derived Stems Niphal Piel Pual Hiphil Hophal Hithpael Verbal conjugations Perfect, imperfect Imperative, cohortative, jussive Inf. Construct and absolute Participle *no other words or particles may stand between them.

Hebrew Numbers Practice Homework Workbook p. 60, no:1-5 Workbook p. 61, no:6-10 “Translation” Practice letters and reading (out loud) – e.g. words on vocabulary & workbook Vocabulary quiz (Ch. 12) on words p. 135 (12.18) *Photo: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kjfnjy/5248545727/in/photostream/