16th and 17th Century Causes of diseases were still unknown Many people died from infectious disease Ambroise Pare: Father of Modern Medicine Improved the treatment of fractures and promoted use of artificial limbs Established use of ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding Gabriel Fallopius Identified the fallopian tubes in the female William Harvey Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart in1628 Anton van Leeuwenhoek Invented the microscope in 1666 Apothecaries Prescribed and sold medications

18th Century Gabriel fahrenhiet Created the first mercury thermometer Joseph Priestly Discovered the element oxygen John Hunter Established Surgical Procedures Introduced tube feeding Benjamin Franklin Invented bifocals for glasses James Lind Prescribed lime juice containing Vitamin C to prevent Scurvy Edward Jenner Developed vaccination for smallpox

19th Century First successful blood transfusion Rene Laennec; invented the stethoscope in 1819 Dr, Philippe Pinel: Began humane treatment for mental illness 1836: Theodor Fliedner started one of the first training programs for nurses Florence Nightengale: Founder of Modern Nursing Anesthetics: Chloroform and Ether Paul Ehrlich Developed methods of detecting and differentiating between diseases Developed the foundation for modern theories of immunity, and used chemicals to eliminate microrganisms

19th Century continued Clara Barton: American Red Cross founded in 1881 Louis Pasteur: Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria Creating a vaccine for rabies Proving that microorganisms cause disease Gregory Mendel Established principles of heredity and dominant/recessive patterns Robert Koch: Father of Microbiology Developed culture plate method to identify pathogens Isolated the bacteria causing tuberculosis

19th Century Continued Dimitri Ivanofski: Discovered Viruses in 1892 Almroth Wright: Developed vaccine for typhoid fever in 1897

20th Century ABO Blood Groups Classified in 1901 Identified how white blood cells protect against disease Sigmund Freud’s studies formed the basis for psychology and psychiatry Insulin discovered to treat diabetes in 1922 Health Insurance plans and social reforms developed in 1920 Developed methods to grow viruses in cultures in 1930s Discovered Penicillin in 1928 First Kidney dialysis machine developed Jonas Salk: vaccine for Polio

20th Century continued Discovered the structure for DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953. First open heart surgery in 1953 First successful kidney transplant in humans was performed in 1954 Birth control pills approved by FDA in 1960 First liver transplant in 1963 First lung transplant in 1964 Social Security Act marked the entry of government into the health care arena as a major purchaser of health services First Heart Transplant in 1968

20th Century continued First hospice was founded in 1967 CAT Scan was developed in 1975 First test tube baby in 1978 in England Vaccines against Hepatitis, Herpes Simplex, and Chicken Pox in 1980s AIDS was identified in 1981 HIV is the cause in 1984 First Artificial heart in 1982 Cyclosporine approved: suppress immune system after transplants Gene Therapy in 1990 to treat disease

21st Century Genetic manipulation to prevent inherited diseases is a common practice Development of methods to slow the aging process Nerves in the brain and spinal cord are regenerated to eliminate paralysis Transplants of every organ are possible: EVEN THE BRAIN! Antibiotics Life Span: 90-100 years Cure for AIDS ?? Cure for CANCER ?? WHAT IS POSSIBLE ??

History Quiz – 30 points 1 page essay Answer the following questions How has the discoveries and development of health care impacted our health care today? Examples, Reference What do you believe are some of the most important discoveries in health care history? Why? What is possible in the 21th century? What would you like to see happen? What are you most scared of happening in the health care industry? What do you think the average life span will be?