Civil Rights

CIVIL RIGHTS Segregation The separation of people based on skin color Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court case that made segregation legal Segregation continues heavily into the 1900’s

Landmark Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson Courts Ruled that “Separate but Equal” IS Constitutional PROBLEM Not equal facilities Jim Crow Laws Public Segregation

CIVIL RIGHTS During WWII: After WWII: African-Americans can fight, but are separated into their own units Tuskegee Airmen achievements begin to change this FDR passes laws against Racism After WWII: Civil Rights movement begins Led mostly by the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) Begin bringing cases to the Supreme Court regarding the constitutionality of segregation

Important People lead to integration Jackie Robinson (1947) 1st Black American to play Major League Baseball

CIVIL RIGHTS Brown v. Board of Education May 1954 Thurgood Marshall represented the Brown family Case involved a man claiming that it was unconstitutional for his daughter not to be allowed to go to an all white school 4 blocks from his house Instead she had to go to a black school miles away Supreme Court decided that it was unconstitutional to have segregation in schools

CIVIL RIGHTS Montgomery Bus Boycott (1954) Began when Rosa Parks refused to move ‘White’ area of bus was full and more seats were needed – so they used the ‘colored’ area where she was sitting She was then arrested and put in jail The next day many Blacks formed the Montgomery Improvement Association in order to begin a boycott of the buses Because minorities made up the majority of the bus’ customers Elect Martin Luther King Jr. as their leader

CIVIL RIGHTS Boycott lasted 381 days Bus companies went out of business 1956: Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation Afterwards MLK continues his fight to end segregation/racism everywhere For everyone – not just African-Americans Called for non-violent resistance

CIVIL RIGHTS Founds the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Purpose was to carry on non-violent crusades against the evils of 2nd class citizenship Carried out boycotts, picketing, sit-ins, and marches MLK thought that this is the way the world should be…

“Sit In” Example of Civil Disobedience Peaceful African Americans and white protestors would sit at the “whites only” lunch-counters, restaurants, and other public facilities

Example of a “Sit In” Example of a ‘sit-in’

The Butler: Sit In SIT IN

CIVIL RIGHTS Million Man March (1963) 250,000 people picket on the steps of the Capitol building for equality MLK gives his ‘I have a dream…’ speech Others began to believe that violence was the only way they would ever get equality Turn to Malcolm X

Important Civil Rights LEADERS Martin Luther King Jr. Advocated for: Nonviolence Civil Disobedience Strikes Sit Ins Equality Assassinated (1968) James Earl Ray Sniper Memphis

CIVIL RIGHTS Malcolm X Becomes popular in 1950’s & 60’s Complete opposite of MLK When JFK was killed he believed that it was overdue Later assassinated in 1965 Did not protest for ‘all equality’ Only protested for the ‘advancement of the black man’ Used the violent ideas of the Nation of Islam Just after his assassination

Malcolm X Beliefs Black people are the original people of the world White people are "devils” Blacks are superior to whites The demise of the white race is imminent

Important Civil Rights LEADERS Continued… Malcolm X Militant Leader Advocated “Black Power” Assassinated (1965) 21 Gunshot wounds Multiple Guns Nation of Islam Separate themselves from whites and form their own governing communities

CIVIL RIGHTS Other violent groups emerge: Black Panthers: Formed in order to fight police brutality in different ghettos Preached self-defense Wore all black (hats, jackets, glasses) Participated in illegal activities Murdered some policemen Carried out overdue legal activities Form daycares, hospitals, shelters, soup kitchens, etc.

CIVIL RIGHTS Violence turns on the leaders: JFK = assassinated 1963 Malcolm X = assassinated 1965 MLK = assassinated 1968 RFK (Bobby) = assassinated 1968 *Civil Rights Act of 1964* Ended segregation in all areas of the US and banned discrimination for schools/housing Violence begins to emerge in other areas as well------------>Vietnam

CIVIL RIGHTS Results of Brown v. Board Thurgood Marshall CIVIL RIGHTS Results of Brown v. Board 1. Many states appealed the decision This means they don’t have to comply until the appeal process is finished 2. Those who do start de-segregation meet with severe reactions White students: Some help the cause and some hurt the cause Black Americans: Begin to protest for their rights Student walk outs Sit-ins Open defiance of segregated areas

THURGOOD MARSHALL Thurgood Marshall Legal Defense in Brown vs. Board of Education Became 1st Black American Supreme Court Justice