The Enlightenment 1600-1700

Essential Question Why do you believe that this movement is called “The Enlightenment” and “The Age of Reason?” Give examples

MAIN IDEA- (Power and Authority) A revolution in intellectual activity changed Europeans’ view of government and society WHY IT MATTERS NOW- The various freedoms enjoyed in many countries today are results of the Enlightenment thinking.

SETTING THE STAGE Enlightenment: Intellectual movement where principles of reason and science are applied to: Government Religion Economy Education Stressed the power of the individual to solve problems Establishes the foundation for the birth of modern democracy

Divine Right Absolute Monarchy

The French Philosophers Social critics Developed ideas, theories 3 Long Term Effects Belief in progress of society through reason Galileo and Newton (1500-1600), applied reason to Science, provided confidence to apply reason to govt. and society A more secular (non religious) outlook Importance of the individual (individualism) Jean le Rond d'Alembert 1717-1783

Enlightenment’s 3 Long-term Effects Belief in Progress Scientific revolution and its success provides confidence that human reason could solve social problems

Secular (non religious) outlook Mysteries of the universe are no longer acts of God. Scientific revolution provides mathematical explanations Voltaire and others openly criticized organized Religion Sought tolerance of all religions

Importance of Individual People looked to themselves for guidance not church or monarchy Reason determined what was right and wrong

Two English Views of Government Thomas Hobbes (1651) Leviathan People are selfish/wicked and ambitious. For security people give power to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order Social Contract: people submit to authoritarian ruler to prevent disorder Best government—Absolute Monarchy **Established that govt. power comes from the people**(Direct Democracy) Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679

John Locke (1690) Two Treatises of Government People are reasonable, can learn from experience, and capable of governing themselves Natural Rights: born with the rights to life, liberty, and property Govt. duty is to protect the “natural rights” of the people People have the right to rebel if govt. does not protect these rights **Reinforced that power of govt. comes from the people not God**. John Locke 1632-1704

Voltaire French Historian, wrote political essays Emphasized that there needs to be a separation of church and state. Also believed that man has the right to freedom of thought and expression “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it Used satire to undermine opponents: Monarchy Aristocracy Clergy Voltaire 1694-1778

Montesquieu Separation of Powers: divide govt. into 3 branches to safeguard liberty Legislature: makes laws Executive: enforces laws Judicial: interprets laws Influenced by British govt., would become known as “checks and balances” (U.S. Constitution). **Kept any individual person or group from gaining total control.** Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1785 “Power should be a check to power”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Advocate of individual freedom Social Contract: an agreement among free individuals to create a govt. and society that responds to the peoples will Peoples conscience should dictate their vote Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778

Warm Up Montesquieu___ A) Believed there needs to be a social contract between the government and its people Voltaire____ B) Believed in separation of Power (Checks & Balances. Rousseau____ C) Believed everyone person had Natural Rights” John Locke____ D) Believed there needs to be a separation between church and State Thomas Hobbes___ E) Believed people are selfish and wicked What are some differences between John Locke and Thomas Hobbes? Explain their philosophies. What were the three long term effects from the Enlightenment? The scientific Revolution and The Enlightenment Stressed the importance of the ___________. No longer were they looking at the church or monarchy for answers