Civil Rights Movement How it started, who was involved, who resisted and what were the movements accomplishments 1

Review of African American Struggles Limitations: Black Codes: restricted the freedoms of former slaves Jim Crow Laws: segregated the South Plessy vs. Ferguson: set up de jure segregation in America (“separate but equal”) Literacy tests, grandfather clause, poll tax and KKK intimidation to disenfranchise AA Opportunities: Emancipation Proclamation: freed slaves in the Confederacy 13th Amendment: freed slaves everywhere in US 14th Amendment: gave former slaves citizenship and equal protection under the law 15th: granted former slaves suffrage Civil Rights Act of 1866 NAACP Truman integrated the armed forces 2

Civil Rights Organizations C.O.R.E. (Congress of Racial Equality): played major role in gaining equality for African Americans NAACP had been working for equality since the Progressive Era S.N.C.C. (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee): started in Raleigh, NC and composed of students who supported non-violent tactics S.C.L.C. (Southern Christian Leadership Conference): set up by Dr. King to teach non- violence 3

Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954 Case was introduced by NAACP with Thurgood Marshall on the legal team Chief Justice at the time was Earl Warren and the Supreme Court unanimously decided that separate was inherently (naturally) unequal ending segregation in public schools Little Rock Nine: nine African Americans volunteered to enroll in an all white school…governor of Arkansas had National Guard block the students way in Eventually, President Eisenhower sent federal troops to escort the students to class for a whole year 4

Action Montgomery Bus Boycott: Started after Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat African Americans in Montgomery refused to ride the buses and this eventually spread throughout the South Eventually segregated buses were outlawed Freedom Rides: African Americans rode buses across the South and defied segregation laws at bus stops…buses were attacked along the way Greensboro Sit-Ins: nonviolence tactic started when four A&T students refused to leave an all white lunch counter at Woolworth’s 5

“Segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” Resistance James Meredith was 1st African American ever accepted to Ole Miss (University of Mississippi) but the governor tried to prevent his entrance, eventually president Kennedy had to intervene Governor of Alabama (George Wallace) created the most problems and was quoted as saying…. “Segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!” 6

March on Washington 200,000 demonstrators rallied at the Lincoln Memorial in non-violence Dr. King delivered his “I Have a Dream Speech” 7

Same Goal, Different tactics Malcolm X Dr. King While in prison he converted to the Nation of Islam Radical Supported separation of the races Assassinated in 1965 Non-violent preacher Accepted by white community Assassinated in 1968 by James Earl Ray 8

Black Power Movement Started by Stokely Carmichael after James Meredith was shot and left for dead Often associated with black violence but Carmichael suggested the African American use their economic and political muscles to gain equality 9

Militant group of young African Americans promoting self-defense Black Panthers Militant group of young African Americans promoting self-defense not intentionally violent but when met with white resistance situations escalated 10

Gains Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination in public facilities and employment 24th Amendment: outlawed the poll tax Voting Rights Acts of 1965: banned the literacy test and any other barrier to voting 11