2. The Civil Rights Movement

3. Signs of Change 1947 MLB desegregated 1948 Armed forces integrated But still segregated in southern facilities (Plessey) and by de facto in northern cities Blacks had become political force in northern dem party

4. Background Blacks historically denied rights Prosperity of the 1950’s passed them by Between 1947-70 brings dramatic change Cold War ideological battle fuels debate Truman’s initiatives blocked

7. Brown v Board of Education Preceded by decision affecting higher ed 1954 S.C. decision - segregation in schools is unconstitutional (14 th Amendment) Reversed Plessey v Ferguson (1896) Thurgood Marshall – Attorney for NAACP Warren: “separate schools are inherently unequal” & schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed”

8. Implementing Desegregation Southern states close schools, “Little Rock Nine” Orville Faubus Arkansas Nat Guard Confrontation (1957) – Ike sends fed soldiers to escort black students into white high school in Arkansas

10. Federal Troops Enforcing Desegregation

11. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks violates Alabama segregation law by sitting in white section of bus & is arrested African Americans boycott buses citywide in protest Baptist minister Martin Luther King becomes spokesman for boycott ’56 – SC rules segregation of transportation unconstitutional

13. Martin Luther King Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) nonviolent protest civil disobedience Oratory

15. March on Washington ‘63 MLK leads march “I Have a Dream” Turning point in civil rights movement Civil Right Act passed next year

17. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee SNCC National Organization of Black College Students who Organized Sit-ins @ lunch- counters, pools, libraries, hotels Greensboro, NC Woolworths ‘60

19. Freedom Rides 1961 Black and White members of CORE organized a integrated bus ride through the south to test the Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation on public transportation. Met with violence in Alabama

21. Malcolm X Petty Criminal Converts to Islam in prison Militant Civil Rights Leader Nation of Islam Elijah Muhammad >> Org of Afro-American Unity Black Nationalism Assassinated in ‘65

23. Kennedy on Civil Rights Call to King’s Wife The New Frontier – Included rebuilding blighted inner- cities (failed in Congress) Consolidates support of African American electorate Civil Rights Bill

24. Lyndon Johnson on Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 - Outlawed Discrimination Voting Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed literacy tests

25. James Meredith 1962

26. Resistance to Change KKK King & X both assassinated Birmingham Church Bombing 4 girls killed

29. Medgar Evers 1963

30. Stokely Carmichael

31. Selma March 1965

33. George Wallace Independence Party Pro-Segregation Platform