Chapter 2: Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
In this chapter you will Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body. Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities. Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.
In this chapter you will Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body. Identify meanings for new word elements and use them to understand new medical terms.
Level of organization Cell Tissue Organ System Organism
Cell The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things
Types of Cells Muscle cell Nerve cell Epithelial cell Fat cell Cells are specialized throughout the body to carry out their individual functions. For example: A. Muscle cell Long and slender contain fibers that aid in contracting and relaxing B. Nerve cell Long with various fibrous extensions that aid in carrying impulses C. Epithelial cell skin cell Flat and square provides protection D. Fat cell contains large empty spaces for fat storage These are just a few of the many different types of cells in the body Epithelial cell Fat cell
Tissues A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job Epithelial tissue – all tissues that cover the outside of the body and line the inner surfaces of internal organs. Muscle Tissue Connective tissue – fat, cartilage, bone, blood. Nerve tissue Epithelial tissue Located all over the body Forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin Muscle Tissue Voluntary muscle found in the arms and legs and other parts of the body that are under conscious control Involuntary muscle is found in the digestive system and other organs that are not under conscious control Connective tissue Examples: fat, cartilage, bone, blood Nerve tissue Conducts impulses all over the body
Organs Structures composed of several kinds of tissue Heart Stomach Viscera: internal organs
Systems Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions Cardiovascular System Digestive System
1. Cranial Cavity – Brain Pituitary gland Cranial Cavity
2. Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavity Lungs Mediastinum Heart Esophagus Trachea Bronchial tubes Thymus gland Aorta Thoracic Cavity
Diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
3. Abdominal Cavity Stomach Small and large intestines Spleen Pancreas Liver Gallbladder Abdominal Cavity
4. Pelvic Cavity Portions of the small and large intestines Rectum Organs of the urinary system Organs of the reproductive system Pelvic Cavity
5. Spinal Cavity Nerves of the spinal cord Spinal Cavity
Dorsal (posterior) Cavities Cavities in the back of the body Cranial Spinal
Ventral (anterior) Cavities Cavities in the front of the body Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic
Abdominopelvic Regions R&L Hypochondriac Epigastric R&L Lumbar Umbilical R&L Inguinal Hyopgastric Doctors divide the abdominopelvic area into nine regions Hypochondriac regions Two upper right and left regions below the cartilage of the ribs that extend over the abdomen Epigastric Region Region above the stomach Lumbar Region Two middle right and left regions near the waist Umbilical Region Region of the umbilicus or navel Inguinal Region Two lower right and left regions near the groin Hyopgastric Region Lower middle region below the umbilical region
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right Upper Gallbaldder Liver Right lobe Parts of Pancreas Small Intestines Large Intestines
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Left Upper Stomach Liver Left lobe Parts of Pancreas Small Intestines Large Intestines
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right Lower R ovary R fallopian tube Appendix R ureter Parts of Small Intestine Large Intestine
Abdominopelvic Quadrants Left Lower L ovary L fallopian tube L ureter Parts of Small Intestine Large Intestine
Divisions of the back and spinal column The spinal column is a long row of bones from the neck to the tailbone. Each bone in the spinal column is called a vertebra(backbone). Two or more bones are called vertebrae. A piece of flexible connective tissue, called a disk(or disc), lies between each backbone Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) 1. Cervical Neck region there are 7 cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7) 2. Thoracic Chest region there are 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12) Each vertebrae is joined to a rib 3. Lumbar Lower back There are 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5) 4. Sacral 5 bones (S1 – S5) that are fused to form one bone (sacrum) 5. Coccygeal Tailbone small bone composed of 4 fused pieces Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Coccygeal (4)
Planes of the Body
Planes of the Body 1. Frontal (coronal) Plane Vertical plane Divides the body into anterior posterior Frontal (Coronal) Plane
2. Sagittal (lateral) Plane Vertical plane Divides the body or structure into right side left side Sagittal (Lateral) Plane
3. Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane Horizontal plane Divides the body or structure into upper half lower half Transverse (cross-sectional) Plane
Positional and Directional Terms Deep: Away from the surface Example: The stab wound penetrated deep into the abdomen Superficial: On the surface Example: Superficial veins can be viewed through the skin Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure Example: The proximal end of the upper arm bone joins with the shoulder bone Distal: Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure Example: At its distal end, the humerus joins with the lower arm bones at the elbow Inferior: Below another structure Example: The feet are at the inferior part of the body, they are inferior to the knees Caudal: pertaining to the tail mans inferior Superior: Above another structure Example: the head is superior to the neck of the body Cephalic: pertaining to the head means superior Medial: pertaining to the middle Example: The fifth finger is medial to the other fingers Lateral to the side: Example: The thumb is lateral to the other fingers Anterior: Front side of the body Example: the forehead is on the anterior side of the body Posterior: The back side of the body Example: The back of the head is posterior to the face
Exercise Time
abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm peritoneum vertebra disk (disc) pleura 1.The bones of the hip are the….. 2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the.. 3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the…… 4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the…. 5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the….. 6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines is the… 7. The backbones are the …. 8. The nerves running down the back form the…. 9. A single backbone is a…. 10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a….
abdomen (abdominal cavity) pelvis mediastinum spinal column spinal cord diaphragm vertebra disk (disc) pleura 1.The bones of the hip are the pelvis. 2. The muscle separating the chest and the abdomen is the. diaphragm. 3. The membrane surrounding the organs in the abdomen is the… peritoneum. 4. The membrane surrounding the lungs is the… pleura. 5. The space between the lungs in the chest is the mediastinum. 6. The space that contains organs such as the stomach, liver, gallbladder, and intestines is the abdomen (abdominal cavity). 7. The backbones are the spinal column . 8. The nerves running down the back form the spinal cord . 9. A single backbone is a vertebra. 10. A piece of cartilage in between two backbones is a disk (disc).
Name the five divisions of the spinal column from the neck to the tailbone
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. coccygeal
anterior frontal (coronal) plane sagittal plane cartilage MRI transverse (axial) plane CT scan posterior 1. Pertaining to the back 2. Pertaining to the front 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower part 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three planes of the body are viewed 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images
1. posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane 2. anterior 5 1.posterior 4. MRI 7. frontal (coronal) plane 2. anterior 5. sagittal plane 8. CT scan 3. transverse (axial) plane 6. cartilage 1. Pertaining to the back 2. Pertaining to the front 3. A plane that divides the body into an upper and a lower part 4. An image of the body using magnetic waves; all three planes of the body are viewed 5. A plane that divides the body into right and left parts 6. Flexible connective tissue found between bones at joints 7. A plane that divides the body into front and back parts 8. Series of cross-sectional x-ray images
Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
abdominal abdomin/o: abdomen -al Pertaining to the abdomen
anterior anter/o: front -ior: pertaining to Pertaining to the front
cervical cervic/o: neck -al Pertaining to the neck
chondroma chondr/o: cartilage -oma Tumor of cartilage
coccygeal coccyg/o: coccyx -al Pertaining to the Coccyx (tailbone)
craniotomy crani/o: skull -tomy Incision of the skull
distal dist/o: far, distant -al Pertaining to far From the beginning of a structure
dorsal dors/o: back -al Pertaining to the back
histology hist/o: tissue -logy Study of tissues
iliac ili/o: ilium -ac Pertaining to the ilium, part of the pelvic bone.
lateral later/o: side -al Pertaining to the side
lumbosacral lumb/o: lower back sacr/o: sacrum -al Pertaining to the lower back and sacrum
medial medi/o: middle -al Pertaining to the middle
pelvic pelv/o: hip, pelvic cavity -ic Pertaining to the hip or pelvic cavity
posterior poster/o: back -ior Pertaining to the back
proximal proxim/o: near -al Pertaining to near A structure
sacral sacr/o: sacrum -al Pertaining to the sacrum
spinal spin/o: spine -al Pertaining to the spine
thoracic thorac/o: chest -ic Pertaining to the chest
thoracotomy thorac/o -tomy Incision of the chest.
tracheal trache/o: trachea -al Pertaining to the trachea
umbilical umbilic/o: navel -al Pertaining to the navel
ventral ventr/o: belly side of the body -al Pertaining to the belly side of the body
vertebral vertebr/o: vertebrae -al Pertaining to vertebrae
visceral viscer/o: internal organs -al Pertaining to internal organs
epigastric epi- gastr/o -ic Pertaining to above the stomach
hypochondriac regions chondr/o -iac Pertaining to below (rib) cartilages
intervertebral inter-: between vertebr/o -al Pertaining to between the vertebrae