1. Chapter 3 Organization of the Body

2. Levels of Organization
Structural levels of organization:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism
The body consists of structural levels of organization:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Systems
Organism

3. Levels of Organization—(cont.)
The levels of organization in the body beginning with the cell and ending with the organism.

4. Cells Common elements:
Cell membrane: allows certain substances in and out
Nucleus: directs activities within cell
Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell
Cytoplasm: watery fluid that fills spaces outside the nucleus
Cells
The cell consists of various components but have common elements.
Cell membrane—allows certain substances to pass in and out of the cell.
Nucleus—directs activities within cell.
Mitochondria—generates energy for the cell.
Cytoplasm—watery fluid that fills spaces outside of the nucleus.

5. Tissues Cells make up tissue
Similar cells working together to perform similar tasks
Four types
1. Muscle
2. Connective
3. Nerve
4. Epithelial
Tissues
Tissues are composed of similar cells that work together to perform similar tasks.
Four types of body tissues:
Muscle
Connective
Nerve
Epithelial

6. Organs Tissues with common functions form organs
Structures that perform specialized functions
Examples: brain, stomach, heart
Organs
Tissues with common functions come together to form the organs in the body.
Organs are structures that perform specialized functions.
Examples are brain, stomach, and heart.

7. Systems Group of organs forms systems
Each system has own special purpose
Systems
A group of organs forms a system in the body.
Each system has a common purpose to perform specialized functions.

8. Anatomic Position Body erect, facing forward
Palms facing forward, arms at sides
Left and right from subject’s perspective, not observer’s
Anatomic Position
The anatomic position: the body is erect and facing forward, and the arms are at the sides with the palms of the hands facing forward.
Directional terms are language-specific and are specified relative to the anatomic position.

9. Directional Terms Superior (cranial; cephalic) Inferior (caudal)
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Supine
Prone
Directional terms:
Superior or cranial; cephalic—toward the head or above
Inferior or caudal—toward the feet or below
Anterior or ventral—relate to the front of the body
Posterior or dorsal—relate to the back of the body
Medial—toward the midline of the body
Lateral—away from the midline or toward the side
Ask: If one is standing in the correct anatomical position, is the thumb medial or lateral to the little finger?
Ask: Is the hip superior or inferior to the knee?

10. Directional Terms—(cont.)
Proximal- nearer to the body trunk or point of attachment to the body
Distal- further from the body trunk or point of attachment
Supine- position in which patient is lying face up
Prone- patient is lying face down

11. Body Planes Body planes are imaginary surfaces within the body.
Three planes:
Frontal—divides the body into anterior and posterior
Sagittal—divides the body into right and left
Transverse—divides the body into superior and inferior portions

12. Body Cavities and Divisions
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Body Cavities
A body cavity is defined as a hollow space that contains body organs.
Cranial cavity houses the brain.
Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord.
Thoracic cavity contains the lungs.
Abdominopelvic cavity contains digestive and reproductive organs; abdominal cavity and inferior pelvic cavity.

13. Body Cavities and Divisions—(cont.)
Divisions of the Abdomen
The abdomen is divided into various sections which help to describe incisions, procedures, pain, etc.
Two types of divisions: nine regions or four quadrants
Nine regions: hypochondriac (2), epigastric, lumbar (2), umbilical, hypogastric, inguinal (2)
Four quadrants: right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ), right lower quadrant LRQ)

14. Body Cavities and Divisions—(cont.)
Regions
Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Lumbar
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Inguinal

15. Regions of the Spinal Column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccyx
Divisions of the Back
The back is divided into five sections that correspond to the spinal column.
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5 fused into 1)
Coccyx (3-4 fused into 1)

16. Practice
In the anatomic position, is the big toe medial or lateral to the little toe?
Practice:
In the anatomic position, is the big toe medial or lateral to the little toe?

17. Answer
In the anatomic position, is the big toe medial or lateral to the little toe? Medial
In the anatomic position, is the big toe medial or lateral to the little toe?
Answer: Medial

18. Practice
In the anatomic position, the elbow is _____ to the fingers. distal, proximal, lateral, medial

19. In the anatomic position, the elbow is proximal to the fingers.
Answer
In the anatomic position, the elbow is proximal to the fingers.

20. In the anatomic position, the knee is ____ to the hips.
Practice
In the anatomic position, the knee is ____ to the hips.

21. In the anatomic position, the knee is distal to the hips.
Answer
In the anatomic position, the knee is distal to the hips.

22. Practice Identify these word elements: Cerv/o Myel/o Inguin/o Chondr/o
Cyt/o

23. Answer Identify these word elements: Cerv/o—neck Myel/o—spinal cord
Inguin/o—groin
Chondr/o—cartilage
Cyt/o—cell

24. Practice Identify these word elements: Anter/o My/o Neur/o Proxim/o
Poster/o

25. Answer Identify these word elements: Anter/o—front, anterior
My/o—muscle
Neur/o—nerve, neuron
Proxim/o—near
Poster/o—back, posterior

26. Practice
Analyze this term:
Hypogastric

27. Hypogastric = pertaining to below the stomach
Answer
Analyze this term:
hypo
gastr ic ↓ P R S
below
stomach
pertaining to
Hypogastric = pertaining to below the stomach

28. Practice
Analyze this term:
Myalgia

29. Answer Analyze this term: My algia ↓ R S muscle pain
Myalgia = muscle pain

30. Practice
Analyze this term:
Hypochondriac

31. Answer Analyze this term: Hypo chondr iac ↓ P R S below cartilage
pertaining to
Hypochondriac—pertaining to below cartilage (this refers to the region below the rib cartilage)

32. Practice
Analyze this term:
Thoracic

33. Thoracic = pertaining to the chest
Answer
Analyze this term:
thor
acic ↓ R S
chest
pertaining to
Thoracic = pertaining to the chest