1. The Language Of Medicine
8th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
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2. Chapter 2 Terms Pertaining to the Body as a Whole
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3. Learning Objectives
Define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body.
Identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those cavities.
Locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the abdomen.
Locate and name the anatomical divisions of the back.
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4. Learning Objectives (cont’d.)
Become acquainted with terms that describe positions, directions, and planes of the body.
Identify the meanings for new word elements and use them to understand new medical terms.
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5. Chapter 2 Lesson 2.1
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6. Structural Organization of the Body
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
SYSTEMS
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7. Structural Organization of the Body
Cells—fundamental unit of all living things
Major parts of a cell include:
chromosomes
nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What is karyotyping and when is it used? (Chromosomes are analyzed to determine if they are normal in number and structure. Obstetricians often recommend an amniocentesis for a pregnant woman.)
What is cytoplasm? (It includes all material outside the nucleus.)
What are mitochondria? (small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food)
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8. Structural Organization of the Body
CELL—the fundamental unit of all living things
What is karyotyping and when is it used? (Chromosomes are analyzed to determine if they are normal in number and structure. Obstetricians often recommend an amniocentesis for a pregnant woman.)
What is cytoplasm? (It includes all material outside the nucleus.)
What are mitochondria? (small, sausage-shaped bodies that produce energy by burning food)
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9. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc
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10. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc
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11. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc
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12. Study Section 1 endoplasmic reticulum anabolism genes catabolism
cell membrane
chromosomes
cytoplasm
DNA
endoplasmic reticulum
genes
karyotype
metabolism
mitochondria
nucleus
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13. Structural Organization of the Body
CELLULAR
Cells are specialized to carry out individual functions.
Identify the following in the image
Epithelial cell
Fat cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
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14. Structural Organization of the Body
Types of Cells
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15. Structural Organization of the Body
TISSUES– Groups of cells working together
Different tissue types include:
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nerve Tissue
What is the term for a scientist who specializes in the study of tissue? (histologist)
Which tissue conducts impulses all over the body? (nerve)
Examples of what type of tissue include fat and cartilage? (connective)
What tissue forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin? (epithelial)
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16. Structural Organization of the Body (cont'd.)
ORGANS: groups of tissues working together
SYSTEMS: one or more organs
working together
What defines a system? (group of organs working together to perform complex functions)
Name the system in which these organs are found:
thyroid gland and pituitary gland (endocrine)
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder urethra (urinary or excretory)
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands (skin and sense organs)
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17. Study Section 2 thyroid gland adipose tissue trachea cartilage ureter
epithelial cells
histologist
larynx
pharynx
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
trachea
ureter
urethra
uterus
viscera
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18. Body Cavities and Organs
Cavity Organ(s)
Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Spinal
The brain
The lungs and heart
Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas
Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum
Nerves of the spinal cord
Name the cavity in which these organs are found:
nerves of the spinal cord (spinal)
stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver (abdominal)
brain (cranial)
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes (thoracic)
portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra (pelvic)
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19. BODY CAVITIES Label the body cavities in the figure
Which cavities are dorsal and which are ventral? (cranial and spinal are dorsal while thoracic, abdominal and pelvic are ventral)
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20. BODY CAVITIES
Body cavities are the spaces within the body that contain internal organs (viscera).
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21. QUICK QUIZ:
Which body cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum?
Cranial
Pelvic
Spinal
Thoracic
Correct Answer is D, thoracic cavity contains the pleural cavity and the mediastinum. See page 42 of the text.
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22. QUICK QUIZ: Which body cavity contains the peritoneum? Abdominal
Pelvic
Spinal
Thoracic
Correct Answer is A, the abdominal cavity contains the peritoneum. See page 42 of the text.
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24. ORGANS of the Abdominopelvic & Thoracic Cavities
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25. ORGANS of the Abdominopelvic & Thoracic Cavities
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26. Study Section 3 pleura abdominal cavity pleural cavity cranial cavity
diaphragm
dorsal (posterior)
mediastinum
pleura
pleural cavity
spinal cavity
thoracic cavity
ventral (anterior)
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27. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants
Hypochondriac regions (right and left)
Epigastric region
Lumbar regions (right and left)
Umbilical region
Inguinal regions (right and left)
Hypogastric region
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28. Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.)
Have students verbally label the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
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29. Abdominopelvic Regions (cont’d.)
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30. Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants (cont'd.)
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
Discuss the organs in each quadrant.
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31. Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Have students identify the quadrants of the adbominopelvic cavity.
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32. Abdominopelvic Quadrants (cont’d.)
Where is the appendix located?
In which quandrant does the liver lie?
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34. Chapter 2
Lesson 2.2
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35. Anatomical Divisions of the Back
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
What is cervical? (the neck region)
What is thoracic? (the chest region)
What is lumbar? (waist or flank region)
What is sacral? (Five bones are fused to form the sacrum.)
What is coccygeal? (The tailbone is composed of four fused pieces.)
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36. Anatomical divisions of the back (cont’d.)
Fill in the blanks. (1. Cervical; 2. Thoracic; 3. Lumbar; 4. Sacral; 5. Coccygeal or tailbone)
What is a disk? (a small pad of cartilage between the vertebrae)
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37. Anatomical divisions of the back (cont’d.)
What is a disk? (a small pad of cartilage between the vertebrae)
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38. QUICK QUIZ:
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the central region near the navel.
inguinal
umbilical
lumbar
hypochondriac
Correct answer is B, umbilical
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39. QUICK QUIZ:
Name the abdominopelvic region that is located in the lower middle below the umbilical region.
inguinal
epigastric
lumbar
hypogastric
Correct answer is D, hypogastric
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40. Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body
Positional and Directional Terms
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Deep
Superficial
Proximal
Distal
Inferior
Superior
Match the definition to one of these terms:
front side of the body (anterior)
the back side of the body (posterior)
away from the surface (deep)
on the surface (superficial)
near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure (proximal)
far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure (distal)
below another structure (inferior)
above another structure (superior)
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41. Positional and Directional Terms
How could the following conditions be identified?
a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial)
a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep)
a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)
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42. Positional and Directional Terms
How could the following conditions be identified?
a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial)
a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep)
a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)
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43. Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body
Positional and Directional Terms continued
Medial
Lateral
Supine
Prone
Match the definition to one of these terms:
front side of the body (anterior)
the back side of the body (posterior)
away from the surface (deep)
on the surface (superficial)
near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure (proximal)
far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure (distal)
below another structure (inferior)
above another structure (superior)
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44. Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body (cont'd.)
Frontal (coronal)
Sagittal (lateral)
Transverse (cross-sectional or axial)
a plane running across the body parallel to the ground (transverse)
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal)
a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides (sagittal)
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45. Positional and Directional Terms
How could the following conditions be identified?
a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial)
a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep)
a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)
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46. Positional and Directional Terms
How could the following conditions be identified?
a bruise on the forehead (anterior; superficial)
a cramp in the left ovary (lateral; deep)
a callus on the ball of the foot (inferior)
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47. Copyright © 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc
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48. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
abdomin/o abdomen
adip/o fat
anter/o front
bol/o to cast (throw)
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp for terms using these combining forms.
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49. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
cervic/o neck (of the body or uterus)
chondr/o cartilage
chrom/o color
coccyg/o coccyx (tailbone)
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 53 for terms using these combining forms.
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50. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
crani/o skull
cyt/o cell
dist/o far, distant
dors/o back portion of the body
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 53 for terms using these combining forms.
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51. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
hist/o tissue
ili/o ilium (of the pelvic bone)
inguin/o groin
kary/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 53 for terms using these combining forms.
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52. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
later/o side
lumb/o lower back
medi/o middle
nucle/o nucleus
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp for terms using these combining forms.
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53. Terminology: Structures, Substances and Urinary Symptoms
COMBINING FORMS
pelv/i pelvis
poster/o back, behind
proxim/o nearest
sacr/o sacrum
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 54 for terms using these combining forms.
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54. Terminology: Structures, Substances and Urinary Symptoms
COMBINING FORMS
sarc/o flesh
spin/o spine, backbone
thel/o nipple
thorac/o chest
trache/o trachea, windpipe
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 54 for terms using these combining forms.
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55. Terminology: Structures, Substances and Urinary Symptoms
COMBINING FORMS
umbilic/o navel, umbilicus
ventr/o belly side of the body
vertebro vertebra(e), backbone(s)
viscer/o internal organs
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 55 for terms using these combining forms
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56. Terminology: Structures, Substances and Urinary Symptoms
PREFIXES
ana- up
cata- down
epi- above
hypo- below
inter- between
meta- change
Combining Form Meaning
Refer to pp. 55 for terms using these prefixes.
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57. COMBINING FORMS, PREFIXES & SUFFIXES
-eal pertaining to
-iac pertaining to
-ior pertaining to
-ism process, condition
-ose pertaining to, full of
-plasm formation
-somes bodies
-type picture, classification
Suffix Meaning
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58. QUICK QUIZ: Which term means process of cutting the skull? Thoracotomy
Craniotomy
Diskectomy
Arthroscopy
Correct answer is B, craniotomy
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59. Pronunciation GUIDE Review
ā as in āpe
ē as in ēven
ī as in īce
ō as in ōpen
ū as in ūnit
ă as in ăpple
ĕ as in ĕvery
ĭ as in ĭnterest
ŏ as in pŏt
ŭ as in ŭnder
Long “a” vs. short “a”: Cranial vs. Abdominal
Ask students to provide additional examples from the terms and combining forms that have been discussed in this chapter.
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60. Pronunciation (cont'd.)
Examples:
adipose ĂD-ĭ-pōs
caudal KAWD- ăl
distal DĬS-tăl
trachea TRĀ-kē-ă
Write additional terms on the board and have students pronounce them.
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