1. Organization of the Body
Chapter 2
Organization of the Body
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Learning Objectives Name the body systems and their functions.
Identify body cavities and specific organs within them.
List the divisions of the back.
Identify three planes of the body.
Analyze, pronounce, and spell new terms related to organs and tissues in the body.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Organization of the Body
Cells
Individual units found in all parts of the human body
Tissues
Similar cells grouped together to do a specific job
Organs
Structures composed of several kinds of tissue
Systems
Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

5. Organization of the Body
Cells- muscle Cell, epithelial cell, nerve cell, bone cell.
Tissues
Epithelial tissue- located all over the body found in the lining of the internal organ.
Muscle Tissue- Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

6. Organization of the Body
Organs
Liver, spleen, intestines, pancreas, gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach and intestines.
Systems
Lymphatic system
Circulatory system
Digestive system
Endocrine system
Female and Male Reproductive system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Skin and sense organ system (integumentary system)
Urinary system
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

7. Circulatory System Body Systems Heart, blood, and blood vessels
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8. Digestive System Body Systems (cont.)
Brings food into the body and breaks it down so it can enter the bloodstream
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Endocrine System Body Systems (cont.)
Composed of glands; sends chemical messengers called hormones into the blood
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Female and Male Reproductive System
Body Systems (cont.)
Female and Male Reproductive System
Produce the cells that join to form the embryo
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Musculoskeletal System
Body Systems (cont.)
Musculoskeletal System
Including muscles, bones, joints, and connective tissues; supports the body and allows it to move
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Nervous System Body Systems (cont.)
Carries electrical messages to and from the brain and spinal cord
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

13. Respiratory System Body Systems (cont.)
Controls breathing, a process in which air enters and leaves the body
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

14. Skin and Sense Organ Systems
Body Systems (cont.)
Skin and Sense Organ Systems
Including the skin and eyes and ears; receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

15. Urinary System Body Systems (cont.)
Produces urine and sends it out of the body through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What are some examples of types of cells found in the body? (Muscle cells, epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.)
What are some examples of types of tissues? (Epithelial tissue: Located all over the body, forms the linings of internal organs and the outer surface of the skin covering the body. In addition, it lines exocrine and endocrine glands. Muscle tissue: Voluntary muscle found in arms and legs and parts of the body where movement is under conscious control. Involuntary muscle, found in the heart and digestive system as well as other organs, allows movement that is not under conscious control.)
What are some examples of organs? (Organs located in the abdomen are the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, spleen, and gallbladder. The digestive system includes organs such as the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines.)
Name the systems in the body. (The circulatory system, lymphatic system, digestive system, endocrine system, female and male reproductive system, musculoskeletal system, nervous system, respiratory system, skin and sense organ system, and the urinary system.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

16. Body Cavities and Organs
Cranial: organs include brain
Thoracic: organs include lungs and heart
Abdominal: organs include stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, and pancreas
Name the cavity in which these organs are found:
brain (cranial)
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes (thoracic)
stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver (abdominal)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

17. Body Cavities and Organs (cont.)
Pelvic: organs include the urinary bladder, ureters, urethra, rectum and anus, and the uterus
Spinal: spinal column and nerves of the spinal cord
Name the cavity in which these organs are found:
urinary bladder, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the bladder), urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body), rectum and anus, and the uterus (muscular organ that nourishes the developing embryo and fetus) in females (answer: pelvic)
spinal column (backbones), spinal cord (the nervous tissue within the spinal cavity); nerves enter and leave the spinal cord and carry messages to and from all parts of the body (answer: spinal)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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19. Divisions of the Spinal Column
Cervical (neck) region
Thoracic (chest) region
Lumbar (loin or waist) region
Sacral (sacrum or lower back) region
Coccygeal (coccyx or tailbone) region
What is cervical? (the neck region) Note: “neck” in a different context is used as “neck of uterus.”
What is thoracic? (the chest region)
What is lumbar? (waist or flank region)
What is sacral? (Five bones are fused to form the sacrum.)
What is coccygeal? (The tailbone is composed of four fused pieces.)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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21. Frontal (coronal) plane
Planes of the Body
Frontal (coronal) plane
A vertical plane that divides the body or body part, such as an organ, into front and back portions.
a plane running across the body parallel to the ground (transverse)
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal)
a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides (sagittal)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

22. Planes of the Body (cont.)
Sagittal (lateral) plane
Another type of vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides.
The midsagittal plane divides the body vertically into right and left halves.
a plane running across the body parallel to the ground (transverse)
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal)
a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides (sagittal)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

23. Planes of the Body (cont.)
Transverse (axial) plane
A horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into upper and lower portions, as in a cross-section.
a plane running across the body parallel to the ground (transverse)
a vertical plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions (frontal)
a lengthwise vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides (sagittal)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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25. Combining Forms
abdomin/o abdomen anter/o front bronch/o bronchial tubes cervic/o neck of the body or neck (cervix) of the uterus
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

26. Combining Forms (cont.)
chondr/o cartilage coccyg/o coccyx, tailbone crani/o skull epitheli/o skin, surface tissue esophag/o esophagus
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

27. Combining Forms (cont.)
hepat/o liver lapar/o abdomen laryng/o larynx (voice box) later/o side lumb/o loin or waist
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

28. Combining Forms (cont.)
lymph/o lymph (clear fluid in tissue spaces and lymph vessels) mediastin/o mediastinum (space between the lungs)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

29. Combining Forms (cont.)
pelv/o pelvis (bones of the hip) peritone/o peritoneum (membranes surrounding the abdomen) pharyng/o pharynx (throat)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

30. Combining Forms (cont.)
pleur/o pleura poster/o back, behind sacr/o sacrum (five fused bones in the lower back) spin/o spine (backbone)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

31. Combining Forms (cont.)
thorac/o chest trache/o trachea (windpipe) vertebr/o vertebra (backbone)
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

32. Medical Scramble R O A V Y E B M A O N D H C I R A O C T
Female endocrine organ
R O A V Y
Space below the diaphragm
E B M A O N D
Pertaining to the chest
H C I R A O C T
Unscramble the letters to form medical terms from the clues. Use the underlined letters to complete the bonus term.
1. OVARY
2. ABDOMEN
3. THORACIC
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

33. Medical Scramble (cont.)
Hip region
L E P V S I
Throat
R P Y X N A H
Windpipe
A C E T H R A
Unscramble the letters to form medical terms from the clues. Use the underlined letters to complete the bonus term.
4. PELVIS
5. PHARYNX
6. TRACHEA
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

34. Medical Scramble (cont.)
Bonus Term: A procedure necessary for brain surgery R M O C O I Y N T A
Use the underlined letters from the previous words to complete the bonus term.
The bonus term is CRANIOTOMY.
Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2005, 2003, 1999, 1991 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.