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Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Section 2: Reaction and Revolution Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism Section 4: Romanticism and Realism Visual Summary Chapter Menu

National Unification and Nationalism Why might groups want self-rule? Chapter Intro 3

The BIG Idea Self-Determination In the mid-1800s, the Germans and Italians created their own nations. However, not all national groups were able to reach that goal. Section 3-Main Idea

Content Vocabulary Academic Vocabulary militarism kaiser plebiscite emancipation abolitionism secede Academic Vocabulary unification regime Section 3-Key Terms

Toward National Unification The rise of nationalism led to the unification of Italy and Germany. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Russia, seeking warm-water ports, invaded the Balkan provinces of Moldavia and Walachia. The Ottoman Empire controlled these provinces and declared war on Russia. Great Britain and France, fearful of a stronger Russia, joined the Ottoman Turks. Heavy casualties caused Russia to pull out, and the Treaty of Paris (1856) placed the provinces under international control. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) The effect of the Crimean War was that the Concert of Europe was destroyed. Austria did not support its long-term ally in the war, and Russia and Austria became enemies. Without Russia, Austria could no longer prevent Germany and Italy from unifying. In 1850, people looked to the northern kingdom of Piedmont to lead the unification of Italy. Unification of Italy and Germany Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Piedmont made an alliance with France. In return for territory, France would support the unification of northern Italy. In the south, patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi took control of Sicily, Naples, and the southern mainland of Italy. Garibaldi then turned over control of the south to King Victor Emanuel II of Piedmont. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) Italy was finally unified after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Germans looked to Prussia in the cause of German unification. Prussia was an authoritarian state known for its militarism. In the 1860s, the prime minister Otto von Bismarck ran Prussia without the approval of parliament. He practiced realpolitik which was a theory of politics based on practical matters rather than theory or ethics. He strengthened the army, collected taxes, and expanded into Denmark. Section 3

Toward National Unification (cont.) In 1866, Prussia defeated Austria and organized the North German Confederation. The Catholic provinces in the south signed a military alliance with Prussia. In 1870, Prussia and France went to war. Prussia was victorious and was given the territories of Alsace and Lorraine. The southern German states agreed to enter into union with Prussia. The Second German Empire, with William I as kaiser, or emperor, was established. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe While Italy and Germany were being unified, other states in Europe were also changing. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) England Great Britain was able to avoid the revolutions of Europe by making social and political reforms to stabilize the country. Parliament expanded voting privileges to the middle class, so the middle class now had an interest in ruling. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) The Industrial Revolution allowed wages of workers to rise significantly, so the working class was now able to share in the prosperity. Queen Victoria, who ruled from 1837 to 1901, reflected the nationalistic pride of British citizens. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) France In France, Louis-Napoleon asked the French people for the restoration of the empire. In the plebiscite, 97 percent of the people wanted an emperor. Napoleon III ruled an authoritarian government that limited civil liberties. Napoleon III expanded the economy with government subsidies for infrastructure improvement. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) He rebuilt Paris with wide boulevards, public squares, underground sewers, and street lights. Napoleon III gave the legislature more power when opposition to some of his economic policies arose. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) The Austrian Empire Nationalism was a problem for the Austrian Empire because it contained so many different ethnic groups. The Compromise of 1867 created a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Each component of the empire had its own constitution, its own legislature, and its own capital–Vienna for Austria and Budapest for Hungary. They were held together by a shared monarch, army, and financial system. The Austrian Empire Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Russia After being defeated in the Crimean War, Russia realized it had to modernize. Russia was a large, rural, agricultural society that depended on the authority of the central government to function as a European power. Section 3

Nationalism and Reform in Europe (cont.) Czar Alexander II decided to enact reforms, and in 1861 issued an emancipation edict freeing the serfs. The new system did not improve the lives of the serfs, however. Alexander’s other reforms led to his assassination in 1881. His son, Alexander III, returned to the old methods of repression. Section 3

Nationalism in the United States Unified by the War of 1812, the United States later entered a bloody civil war that lasted from 1861 to 1865. Section 3

Nationalism in the United States (cont.) In the United States, the Federalists and Republicans struggled over political control of the country. Victory in the War of 1812 ended these divisions and gave Americans a surge in nationalistic pride. In the middle of the nineteenth century, slavery became the biggest threat to American political and social systems. Section 3

Nationalism in the United States (cont.) Abolitionism in the North challenged the Southern way of life. With the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, South Carolina voted to secede. Six more Southern states joined them and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War lasted for four years. The Union defeated the Confederacy in 1865, ending slavery and creating one nation again. The South’s Economy Section 3

Section 3-End

militarism reliance on military strength Vocab17

kaiser German for “caesar,” the title of the emperors of the Second German Empire Vocab18

plebiscite a popular vote Vocab19

emancipation the act of setting free Vocab20

abolitionism a movement to end slavery Vocab21

secede withdraw Vocab22

unification the act, process, or result of making into a coherent or coordinated whole; the state of being unified Vocab23

regime the government in power Vocab24

romanticism an intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the eighteenth century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment; it stressed feelings, emotion, and imagination as sources of knowing Vocab25

secularization indifference to or rejection of religion or religious consideration Vocab26

organic evolution the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that every plant or animal has evolved, or changed, over a long period of time from earlier, simpler forms of life to more complex forms Vocab27

natural selection the principle set forth by Charles Darwin that some organisms are more adaptable to the environment than others; in popular terms, “survival of the fittest” Vocab28

realism mid-nineteenth-century movement that rejected romanticism and sought to portray lower- and middle-class life as it actually was Vocab29

individuality a total character that distinguishes an individual from others Vocab30

approach the way or method one examines or studies an issue or a concept Vocab31

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