The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples • After Ice Age, migrants cross land bridge - ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos) • Vikings found (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon – Leif Ericson Colonization by France and Britain • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500s • Coastal fisheries and fur trade important • Britain wins French and Indian War; French stay Establishing the Dominion of Canada • 1791 Britain creates 2 political units called provinces - Upper Canada (Ontario) English-speaking, Protestant - Lower Canada (Quebec) French-speaking, Roman Catholic Continued . . . NEXT

Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver • European immigrants arrive and find Yukon gold 1 Urban and Industrial Growth • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing - within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation NEXT

The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent Governing Canada The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent • Parliamentary government: - parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions - consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons - prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader • All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) - federal government administers the territories NEXT

An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade • French and English trappers and traders expand westward Canada’s Primary Industries • Farming, logging, mining, fishing • Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver • Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most is exported The Manufacturing Sector • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing Service Industries Drive the Economy • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP Continued . . . NEXT

Languages and Religions • Heavy trade with U.S. same language, open border (world’s longest) - 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico – St. Lawrence Seaway - 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S. - 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S. A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions • Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec • English Protestants and French Catholics dominate Canada’s Population • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) - 75% of French live in Quebec - Inuits live in the Arctic or reserves Urbanization: 80% live in cities Continued . . . NEXT

Employment and Education Life in Canada Today Employment and Education • High standard of living, well-educated population • Labor force is 55% men, 45% women - 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing • Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Sports and Recreation • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting - Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues Continued . . . NEXT

The Atlantic Provinces • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: - Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to bad terrain and weather Economic Activities • largest industry: logging • St. Lawrence Seaway – ship route built by US and Canada, which connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean. It uses locks to raise and lower water to allow shipping hydro-electric power Continued . . . NEXT

The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built the fort in 1608 • 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec • Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital The Prairie Providences Canada’s Breadbasket • Great Plains Prairie Provinces: Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta • 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output - Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas Continued . . . NEXT

The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains - 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, glaciers • Most people live in southwest cities - Victoria, Vancouver • Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power The Territories • The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land – Yukon, Nunavut, Northwest Territories • Sparsely populated - rugged land and severe climate • Economies include mining, fishing, some logging Continued . . . NEXT