Cities & Urban Land Settlement: permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, & obtain services Modern cities developed during the industrial evolution. Slightly more than half world’s population reside in urban land. CBD: center piece of urban development. Less than 1% of land/ contains large % of Population Historically & present: the central market place ( trade center)Hinterland Provides services

Differences between urban and rural settlements Cities & Urban Land Differences between urban and rural settlements Large size High density Social Heterogeneity: large variety of people In USA most minorities are in urban areas

Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need Cities & Urban Land Service = any activity that fulfills a human want or need 3 types of services Consumer services (retailers, education, hospitality) Business services (financial, professional, transportation) Public services (government, FBI, cops)

Cities & Urban Land Early consumer services met societal needs Examples = burial of the dead, religious centers, manufacturing centers Early public services probably followed religious activities (churches, defense) Early business services to distribute and store food

Basic Industries: the “industries” that are the main source of employment in the community. Selling to outside the community. Non-Basic Industries: “industries” that are built because of Basic. Selling to community. Multiplier Effect

Cities & Urban Land Rank-size distribution of settlements World Cities: most integrated in the world economy, power centers of politics, finance, etc Dominant: New York, London, Tokyo Major: Washington, LA, Paris, Brussels, etc. Only 2 in LDCs Singapore, Sao Paulo, Secondary: Miami, Berlin, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Sydney LDCs serve as off shore financial institutions & Back Office aka out source Rank-size distribution of settlements Rank-Size Rule: the largest city is 1/n the size of the next largest city Primate city rule: largest cities is double the size of the 2nd largest Primate cities :country’s largest city

Cities & Urban Land Patterns of Cities Market-area analysis Central Place Theory- “downtown” Size of a market area Range Threshold Market-area analysis Profitability of a location Compute the range Compute the threshold Draw the market area Optimal location within a market

Cities & Urban Land CBD: started with both manufacturing & service sectors of the economy. Now Manufacturing has moved out of the CBD to rural land. Services remain. ( reminder this is in MDCs) Models of urban structure: used to where different people live Concentric zone model: a city grows outward from a central area Sector model: a city grows in sectors Multiple nuclei model: a city is complex with multiple centers

Cities & Urban Land Inner-city physical issues in USA Most significant = deteriorating housing Filtering: dividing houses to separate dwellings Redlining: drawing lines that banks draw not to lend money Urban renewal/ Public housing Renovated housing: Gentrification Social Issues: poverty, no social movement, drugs, etc European & LDCs demographics in CBDs differ from North America. Rich in the CBDs and poor outside of CBDs

Urban expansion Cities & Urban Land Annexation: legally adding land Defining urban settlements The city A legal entity. Central city: city surrounded by suburbs Urbanized areas: A continuously built-up area Metropolitan Area: a functional area/ over 50K people, large % work in CBD Micropolitan: population less than 50K

Cities & Urban Land Peripheral model: major city surrounded by suburbs & business tied by beltway Edge cities Density gradient: the further away from city the less dense the population (time differs as well) Cost of suburban sprawl Greenbelt: open spaces of land Smart Growth: designating land for preservation also conservation aka sustainable development ( balance of growth & resources)

The multiple nuclei model is often used to describe the spatial form of which of the following American city? New York Chicago St. Louis Los Angeles Washington, D.C.  

The multiple nuclei model is often used to describe the spatial form of which of the following American city? New York Chicago St. Louis Los Angeles Washington, D.C. Answer: D Los Angeles has relatively small downtown business district but contains many independent nodes Of high land value and vigorous business activity, such as Santa Monica, Hollywood, Westwood, and Pasadena.  

A country whose third largest city has a population that is approximately one-third of the population of the country’s largest conforms to which rule? Sector model rule Central place theory Rank-size rule Urban primacy Concentric zone model

A country whose third largest city has a population that is approximately one-third of the population of the country’s largest conforms to which rule? Sector model rule Central place theory Rank-size rule Urban primacy Concentric zone model Answer: C According to the rank-size rule, urban areas within a country (that conforms to the rule) follow a predictable and hierarchical pattern in terms of population, such that the second largest city is half the size (in population) of the largest city, the third largest city is one-third the population of the largest, the fourth, one- quarter, and so on.