1. Types of Services

2. Consumer Services Business Services Public Services
Nearly 1/2 of all jobs in the US provide a consumer service
Retail and wholesale
Health and social services
Education services
Leisure and hospitality services
Business Services
Business services facilitate the activities of other businesses
Accounts for 1/4 of jobs in the US
Professional services
Transportation and information services
Financial services
Public Services
Public services provide security and protection for all citizens and businesses
Most jobs are in federal, state, and local governments.

3. Changes in Job Sectors
In recent decades, the US has seen an increase in service jobs and a decrease in primary- and secondary-sector jobs
The service sector was the most impacted by the severe recession that began in 2008

4. New Patterns of Economic Activity
Technology, such as GIS, can help to model the best locations for new businesses, office complexes, gov’t centers, or transportation connections
Major retailers change the economic prospects and physical environment of places
Locational influences on quaternary services are more diverse
Those who work in the quinary sector tend to be concentrated around governmental seats, universities, and corporate headquarters

5. Origins of Services and Settlements

6. Origin of Services Early consumer services Bury the dead
1st settlements needed services (tools, clothing, pots)
Early public services
Religious activities, political leaders, defenders of the town wall
Early business services
Food, goods

7. Clustered Rural Settlements
Families live in close proximity and the fields surround the village
Circular rural settlements
The houses and structures of the village surround the fields
Linear rural settlements
Houses on the road
Fields are in long strips behind the houses
Colonial American clustered settlements
Houses surround a common
Families have outer fields to grow food
Plantations developed in the South in the 1700s

8. Contemporary Rural Settlements
Dispersed Rural Settlements
Farms in isolation from neighbors, spread out across the landscape
Most common in the US
People were not as unified
Wanted to work large tracks of land, not discontinuous fields
Enclosure Movement
Agricultural efficiency; bad village life

9. World Cities Ancient Cities Athens - City-State
Rome - “All roads lead to Rome”
Medieval World Cities
Releasing the serfs
Better roads and power centers
Walls
Dense and compact
Modern World Cities
Business transactions
Transportation
Communication

10. Distribution of Services

11. Central Place Theory
Walter Christaller proposed the central place theory to help explain how the most profitable location can be identified
Market Area of a Service
A central place is a market center where people cluster to buy and sell goods and services
To represent a market area (or hinterland) in central place theory, geographers draw hexagons around settlements
Range of a Service
The range of a service is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use it
Threshold of a Service
The threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support the service

12. Market-Area Analysis Profitability of a location
Need to know range and threshold
Optimal location within a market
Minimizes distance to the service for the largest number of people
The gravity model predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related the distance people must travel to access it.

13. Rank-Size Rule
Many developed countries conform to the rank-size rule, in which the country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
Many less-developed countries follow the primate city rule, in which the largest settlement, called the primate city, has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

14. Services in Global Cities
Business Services in Global Cities
Product of the industrial revolution
Financial services for corporate headquarters
Consumer Services in Global Cities
Extensive market areas
Leisure services
Public Services in Global Cities
Centers of political power
Foreign corporations

15. Services in Developing Countries
Offshore Financial Services
Taxes - tax breaks include little to no taxes on income, profits, and capital gains
Privacy - bank secrecy laws can help individuals and businesses evade disclosure in their home countries
Business-Processing Outsourcing
Back-office functions can be performed at a lower cost if they are performed by workers in developing countries

16. Economic Base of Settlements
A settlement’s distinctive economic structure derives from its basic industries, which export primarily to consumers outside the settlement
Nonbasic industries are enterprises whose customers live in the same community
A community’s unique collection of basic industries defines its economic base