Ch. 20 War on the Frontier 1860-1875

Warm-up List uses the Native Americans may have had for the buffalo.

= Survival What the Buffalo Meant to the Native Americans Paunch (stomach) made into water bags Sinews (tendons) and hair were made into bowstrings, rope, and thread Buffalo hide became clothing, saddles, robes, and covers for teepees Hoofs, horns and bones became ornaments, cups, and utensils A Kiowa chief describes it this way: “The buffalo is our money … the robes we can prepare and trade. We love them just as the white man does his money. Just as it makes a white man feel to have his money carried away, so it makes us feel to see others killing and stealing our buffaloes, which are our cattle given to us by the Great Father above.” Buffalo Poo (dung) was used as fuel for fires = Survival

A History of Conflict Soldiers Defending Texas After the Civil War, the U.S. government sent troops to help end the Indian raids. In 1867, tribal leaders met with government officials to sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty. A treaty is a formal agreement between two nations. The treaty did not bring peace. Reservation Policy Kiowas raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the Salt Creek Massacre. This caused the army to switch its policy. Instead of defending the frontier, the army would now force all Indians onto reservations. Fighting in Texas intensified.

The Frontier Wars in the Panhandle U.S. Strategies Soldiers attacked Indian villages. Troops captured food, blankets, and other supplies. Soldiers burned the villages and killed the horses. The army brought in buffalo hunters to destroy the Indians’ major food source. The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to extinction (complete destruction). Red River War The Texas Rangers, joined the final campaign against the Indians in the Panhandle—the Red River War. By destroying the Native Americans’ horses and food supply, U.S. troops were able to defeat them. By the end of 1875, most Texas Plains Indians lived on reservations.

Pile of Buffalo Skulls -1870

The Frontier Wars

The Frontier Wars in Southern Texas The end of the Red River War did not stop the violence in Texas: Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader Victorio led Indian raids across the Southwest and Mexico. Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were African American soldiers who fought in the Frontier Wars. Outlaws - Texas was a violent place in the 1870s and 1880s. Cattle thieves were common. Cattle ranchers fought against sheep ranchers. Bandits raided South Texas towns. The Texas Rangers helped control some of these problems.

War on the Frontier: Important People and Events

Satanta Most famous Kiowa chief known for his powerful speeches. He didn’t want to move to the reservation and wanted to roam over the prairie.

Buffalo Hunters A person who slaughtered buffalo for the value of their hides. Some were paid to kill buffalo in order to force Native Americans to move to reservations

Quanah Parker One of the most powerful Comanche leaders of the time.

Cynthia Parker Mother of Quanah Parker and married to Comanche Chief Peta Nocona. She was captured as a small child during a Comanche raid on a frontier settlement and was raised by the Comanche’s and adopted their way of life.

Peta Nocona Comanche chief who was married to Cynthia Parker and the father of Quanah Parker.

Colonel Kit Carson Commanded the Anglo troops at the First Battle of Adobe Walls against the Comanches and Kiowas.

Buffalo Soldiers **African American who guarded the Texas frontier after the Civil War.** They scouted, mapped, and built roads between the settled and unsettled areas of the state. They also patrolled the frontier, protecting settlers from Native American raids.

Lawrie Tatum He was a Quaker who was named the government’s agent to the Kiowa-Comanche reservation.

Texas Rangers A force that patrolled the frontier and helped the federal troops defend the frontier. Stephen F. Austin formed them to protect colonists from Native American attacks.

Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek

Promised that no Americans would be allowed on their land. In 1867 Indians from the southern plains met in Kansas with the U.S. government. The Treaty created a 3 million acre reservation for Indians in Oklahoma. The U.S. promised to supply Indians with food and clothing and to teach them to farm. Promised that no Americans would be allowed on their land. Indian Reservation: Is land set aside for an Indian tribe, were the tribe is allowed to govern itself.

The terms of the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Indians would stop raiding & move to the reservation in exchange for food, clothing, & financial status Some of the chiefs signed the treaty, but Quanah PARKER rejected it. Santanta, the Kiowa chief, spoke out against it.

Failure of the Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek Plains Indians did not want to be farmers or move to Oklahoma U. S. government failed to keep its promises of supplies and food. Often Indian Agents in charge of the reservations were corrupt and sold supplies for their own profits. Traders called Comancheros in New Mexico encouraged Indian raids because they bought stolen goods. The Treaty of Medicine Creek did not bring PEACE to the Texas frontier. The U.S. government failed to keep its promise about sending enough FOOD and supplies. Some Indians had to leave the reservation to hunt or raid white settlements. Corruption is using the power of the Government for one’s personal gain

Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek Established a 3 million acre reservation located in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) Government promised to send food and supplies to the reservation and restrict access to the area In return, the Native Americans would move onto the reservation and stop raids against settlers

Raid at Salt Creek Kiowa Chief Santanta led his tribe on a raid on a military wagon train. General Sherman arrests Santanta for the murder of 7 teamsters during the raid. Originally sentenced to death, Santanta is given life in prison instead, and later let out on parole by Governor E.J. Davis. Later accused of committing more raids, Santanta is recaptured and again sentenced to life in prison. Rather than spend his life in prison, Santanta took his own life.

Quaker Peace Policy Ideas of a religious group named the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers. It was suppose to bring about peace using gentle ways, respect for life, and fair treatment of Native Americans.

Quaker Peace Policy Move native groups to reservations, give them supplies, educate them, and protect them. It also proposed to punish any who raided settlements.

Quaker Peace Policy The government did not provide enough food or supplies and the army failed to stop buffalo hunters from shooting buffalo on the reservation which caused Native Americans to again raid TX settlements for food. When the army chased them, the Quakers would not let the soldiers enter the reservation to capture the raiders.

War against the Native Americans Find the answers in Ch. 20 Event Idea Who Result Quaker Peace Policy Raid at Salt Creek Texas Rangers Buffalo Hunters

Assignment: Using Chapter 16 in your Text Book, Answer the following questions on a clean sheet of paper.

Texas Rangers