The Muslim World Expands Chapter 18

Section 1-The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

The Turks Move into Byzantium Ghazis-Anatolian Turks who saw themselves as warriors for Islam Ottomans-Followers of Osman who was considered the most successful of the ghazis Achieved military success with the aid of gun powder Some of the 1st people to use cannons

The Turks Move into Byzantium Sultan-Meaning ‘overlord’ or “one with power” Life under the Ottomans Used local officials appointed by the sultan to rule conquered areas Muslims served in the Turkish army and pay religious taxes Non-Muslims did not have to serve in the army but paid a small tax in return

The Turks Move into Byzantium Timur the Lame- Received the nickname after taking an arrow to the leg Burned Baghdad to the ground Crushed the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara (1402)

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Mehmed II- Nicknamed Mehmed the Conqueror Attacked Constantinople Fired a 1,200lb bolder out of a 26-foot gun and ships After conquering the city he renamed it Istanbul opened it up to Christians, Jews, Muslims, Turks and non-Turks

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Suleyman the Lawgiver- Ruled for 46 years Created penalties for various criminal acts, bureaucratic and financial corruption Also introduced the concept of a balanced budget to governments

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Suleyman the Lawgiver- Studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics and architecture B/c of Islamic law he was tolerant of other religions Supported art and literature

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic Expansion Devshirme System-System where members of the sultan’s army were drafted from the Christian boys of conquered territories. Converted them to Islam and educated them Janissaries-Elite force of 30,000 soldiers trained to be loyal only to the sultan.

Section 3-The Mughal Empire in India

Early History of the Mughals Mughals-Term meaning “Mongols” Group of nomadic invaders in Central Asia 1494-Babur inherits the kingdoms of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan at the age of 11 Swept down into India and laid the foundations for the Mughal Empire

Early History of the Mughals Akbar-Ruled India from 1556 to 1605 Babur’s grandson Ruled with wisdom and tolerance Created his own religion the “Divine Faith” He offended Muslims so much that they tried to revolt against him in 1581

Early History of the Mughals Art and Literature- Illustrated books flourished Miniatures-Small highly detailed, colorful paintings Hindu literature also saw a resurgence during Akbar’s time

Akbar’s Successors Shah Jahan- Killed anyone who got in his way of being king Had two great passions in life: Beautiful buildings His wife Mumtaz Mahal Sadly she died at age 39 while giving birth to their 14th child

Akbar’s Successors Taj Mahal-Towering marble dome built as a memorial to Mumtaz Mahal following her death Referred to as the most beautiful building in the world

Akbar’s Successors Aurangzeb- Shah Jahan’s 3rd son Took power when Shah became sick Expanded the Mughal Empire to it’s greatest size Oppressed the people Strict Islamic law banned gambling, drinking, and other vices Taxed non-Muslims and was cruel to Hindus

The Empire’s Decline and Decay Reasons for the Empire’s Decline- Aurangzeb had drained it’s resources 2 million people died of hunger As central power weakened the power of local lords grew The power of western traders began to increase