1. Warm-up #8.1 (12.3) They did not have local loyalties
Nomadic way of life
Stopped the Mongol invasion
Why did Kublai Khan favor Mongols and foreigners for government jobs?
Which Mongolian practice did Kublai Khan end?
What did the kamikaze do for Japan?

2. The Muslim World Expands (1300-1700)
Chapter 18
The Muslim World Expands
( )

3. Section 1 – Ottomans Build an Empire

4. Turks Move to Byzantium
The Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis (warriors for Islam)
Formed strict societies under Islamic law
Targeted non-Islamic societies
Osman will be the most powerful of the ghazis (where the name Ottoman comes from)

5. Ottoman Empire Grows Reasons for success:
gunpowder (muskets and cannons)
Acted kind to conquered people (improved most people’s lives)
Osman’s son declares himself sultan (“overlord”) in 1361 and destroys the 2nd greatest Byzantine city
Brief interruption in early 1400s by Timur the Lame (Central Asian)

6. Mehmed II
With Timur turned back, Ottoman sons fight for control (Mehmed I wins)
Mehmed II takes power in and attacks Constantinople in 1453
Brilliant strategy allowed them to take the city
He will invite in many of all religions & backgrounds to rebuild the city (renames it Istanbul)

7. Ottoman’s Take Religious Cities
Mehmed’s grandson (Selim) sought to continue expansion.
Went south into the Middle East where he captures Mecca, Medina, and Cairo.

8. Suleyman the Magnificent(1520)
Took the Ottoman Empire to its peak.
rules for 46 years
Great military leader
Expands the empire in all three regions (Europe, Middle East, and Africa)
Controlled the eastern Mediterranean

9. Organization of Suleyman
Perhaps Suleyman’s greatest achievement was the social structure he created
Legal code for criminal and civil issues
Simplified taxes
Used the devshirme (boys from conquered Christian lands) to create elite fighters (janissaries)
Brightest could rise in the ranks
Left conquered people to govern themselves (especially “People of the Book”)
Under Suleyman, architecture, the arts, and literature will all flourish

10. The Empires Decline
Suleyman had killed/driven off his two most able sons
His 3rd son took power but was weak
Began a practice that insured incompetent leaders
New leader would kill his brothers and keep his children locked away

11. And now… Complete the Chapter 18 – Section 1 Worksheet
Page 507
Complete the Chapter 18 Crossword
Begin working on “Global Interactions” USA TestPrep Quiz
DUE FRIDAY

12. Warm-up #8.2 (18.1) They were warriors
Turn Christian boys into Muslim soldiers
Opened the city to people from different cultures
Suleyman the Magnificent
How were ghazis and janissaries similar?
What was the purpose of the devshirme?
What did Mehmed II do after conquering Constantinople?
Which Ottoman leader is known for bringing the Arabian peninsula under Ottoman control?

13. Section 2 – Cultural Blending

14. Patterns of Blending: Causes
Migration
Pursuit of religious freedom or conversion
Trade
Conquest
Societies that are expanding, like the Ottomans, often are the result of all but migration

15. Patterns of Blending: Results
Language
Religion
Government Styles
Racial blending
Arts and Education

16. Case Study: The Safavids
Named after their greatest leader, the Safavids inhabited the Iranian region of the Middle East in the 15th century
Became a home to Shi’a Muslims
Build a huge army to protect against conquest
Eventually used that army to attack enemies

17. Isma’il
The 12 year old military leader conquered most of what is now Iran in
Used the title of Shah (king)
Made Shi’a Islam the state religion
Executed non-converts and Sunni Muslims
The Ottomans (Sunni) will execute the Shi’a in response

18. Safavid Golden Age
Under Shah Abbas (1587), the government was reformed and a golden age was entered
2 militaries, both loyal to him
Punished corruption
Merit based promotion
Used religious tolerance to promote trade
He takes the best from different cultures at the time
Ottomans/Europeans : technology
Persians : literature and language

19. A Quick Collapse
Just like the Ottoman Empire, Shah Abbas, the greatest Safavid leader, made the worst mistake: he blinded or killed his best sons
An incompetent grandson took power and the collapse was quick

20. And now… Finish the Chapter 18 Crossword
I will check on these at the end of class
Begin working on “Global Interactions” USA TestPrep Quiz
DUE TOMORROW
Work on the Unit 2B Study Guide
Unit 2B Notebook (due Tuesday)
Study Guide
Notes
Vocab (Chapters 11, 12, 18)
Worksheets (Chapters 11, 12, 18)

21. Section 3: The Mughal Empire

22. Mughal History
Mughals were descendants of the Mongols that had stayed in India
The region had been through centuries of war between Hindus and Turkish Muslims (Mughals) with the Indus being the dividing line
Around 1000, Sultan Mahmud (Muslim) devastated India. This began the…

23. Delhi Sultanate
33 sultans ruled for 300 years of disorganization in India
Delhi was the capital but the people were very divided
In 1494, Babur becomes the leader of one of the northern kingdoms
His leadership lays the foundation for defeating the Sultanate

24. Akbar ( ): Ruling
Grandson of Babur, he was known for ruling with wisdom and tolerance
Military
Empowered conquered militaries to keep them to turn enemies into allies
Ruling
Encouraged cultural blending (married Hindus, a Christian, and a Muslim)
Used a bureaucracy made up of a variety of people
His merging of different religions will become known as the Divine Faith

25. Akbar blends cultures
As the Mughal Empire expanded, Akbar welcome outside cultures
Arts and literature were also greatly advanced under Akbar

26. Jahangir ( )
Akbar’s son allowed his wife, Nur Jahan (also a Persian princess), to rule
The prince that was supposed to rule rebelled too soon and was forced to flee to the Sikhs
Their leader will be tortured to death and they become a target of hatred for the Mughals

27. Shah Jahan ( )
Paranoid about competition, he killed all possible rivals
Had 2 passions
Beautiful buildings
His wife
Result:
Taj Mahal was built as a memorial for her early death (1631) as a result of her 14th child
While he was building impressive structures, his people were suffering

28. Aurangzeb ( )
Shah Jahan’s death led to a fight between his four sons for control. 3rd son, Aurangzeb, won
Killed the oldest brother and imprisoned his dad for the 3 years it took for him to die.
During his 50 year rule, he expands the Mughal Empire to its greatest size but power declined
Oppressed the people and increased taxes
Intolerant of non-Muslims
His people starved while he waged war

29. The fall of the Mughals
Aurangzeb’s horrible policies + military campaigns drained the resources of the empire.
Local leaders became more powerful
The non-violent Sikhs turn into a militant group
While technically in control, the Mughals had no real authority. By the late 1600s, Europeans were starting to invade