Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Topics The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Levels of Organization An Introduction to Organ Systems Homeostasis and System Integration The Language of Anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Means “a cutting open” Is the study of internal and external structures Physiology Is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy can be divided into: Gross (macroscopic) Microscopic Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Gross anatomy Features visible to the naked eye Approaches: Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Microscopic anatomy Structures that cannot be seen without magnification Specialties: Cytology Histology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Human physiology Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological physiology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Organization at each level determines structural characteristics and functions of higher levels Chemical (or molecular) level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Chemical (or molecular) level Atoms combine to form molecules Molecular shape determines function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Cellular level Cells Smallest living units in the body Molecules interact to form intracellular structures Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Tissue level Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Organ level 2 or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Organ system level Interaction of organs for a specific function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Levels of Organization Organism level All organ systems working together to maintain life and health Highest level of organization Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems 11 organ systems in the human body Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Integumentary system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Skeletal system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Muscular system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Nervous system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Endocrine system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Lymphatic system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Respiratory system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Digestive system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Urinary system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Reproductive system (female) Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

An Introduction to Organ Systems Reproductive system (male) Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Homeostatic regulation Homeostasis and disease Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Homeostatic regulation Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis Homeostasis Existence of a stable internal environment Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Homeostatic regulation involves: Receptor Sensitive to environmental stimulus Control center Receives and processes information from receptor Effector Responds to the control center commands Opposes or reinforces the stimulus Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Negative feedback Effector opposes original stimuli Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic response to correct the situation Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Negative feedback Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Negative feedback Thermoregulation Control center—brain Receptors—brain and skin Effectors—blood vessels and sweat glands Maintain a normal range, not a set value Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Negative feedback Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Positive feedback Initial stimulus produces response that reinforces that stimulus Positive feedback loops Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Positive feedback loop Regulation of potentially dangerous process that requires quick completion Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Positive feedback loop Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Homeostasis and System Integration Homeostasis and disease When homeostatic regulation fails: Organ systems malfunction Disease results Symptoms are present Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Surface anatomy Sectional anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Surface anatomy Anatomical landmarks Anatomical regions Anatomical directions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical landmarks Anatomical position Hands at sides Palms forward Feet together Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical landmarks Supine Face up Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical landmarks Prone Face down Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Anatomical directions Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Sectional anatomy Planes and sections Body cavities Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Planes and sections 3 primary sectional planes Transverse—superior/inferior Frontal—anterior/posterior Sagittal—left/right Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Planes and sections Transverse Divides body into superior and inferior A cut in this plane is called a cross section Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Planes and sections Frontal (coronal) Divides body into anterior and posterior Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Planes and sections Sagittal Divides body into right and left A cut that divides the body into left and right halves is a midsagittal section Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Body cavities Protect delicate organs Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Body cavities Serous membrane Lines walls of cavities and covers surface of viscera Permits movement while reducing friction Visceral layer Parietal layer Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Body cavities Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Lies within the mediastinum Pair of pleural cavities Each surrounds a lung Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

The Language of Anatomy Body cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal cavity Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

Summary Differences between anatomy and physiology Levels of organization Organ systems Homeostasis Integration of systems Anatomical language Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ