Slides 1 to 84 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Overview of Reproduction What are the Reproductive System Essentials? Gonads (reproductive organs) Testes in males, ovaries in females Gametes (reproductive cells) Spermatazoa in males, ova in females Fertilization Joining of male and female gamete Zygote Fertilized egg Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What are the Reproductive Organs? Testes Surrounded by scrotum Produce spermatazoa (sperm) Epididymis Stores sperm Ductus deferens Conducts sperm outward Within spermatic cord Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What are the Reproductive Organs? (cont’d) Ejaculatory duct Accessory organs Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Urethra Within penis, an erectile organ Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System The Male Reproductive System Figure 19-1

Male Reproductive System What are the Testes? Primary sex organ in males Hang within scrotum Interstitial cells surround tubules Produce testosterone, the main male sex hormone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What are Seminiferous Tubules? Contain spermatogonia Stem cells for spermatogenesis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(a)

Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(b)

Male Reproductive System The Scrotum, Testes, and Seminiferous Tubules Figure 19-2(c)

Male Reproductive System What is the Anatomy of a Spermatozoon? Head Contains nucleus and chromosomes Middle piece Contains mitochondria Tail Whips the sperm along Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary spermatocyte (diploid) DNA replication Primary spermatocyte MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) SPERMIOGENESIS (physical maturation) Spermatozoa (haploid) Figure 19-3 1 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary spermatocyte (diploid) Figure 19-3 2 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary spermatocyte (diploid) DNA replication Primary spermatocyte MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes Figure 19-3 3 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary spermatocyte (diploid) DNA replication Primary spermatocyte MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) Figure 19-3 4 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SPERMATOGENESIS MITOSIS of spermatogonium (diploid) Primary spermatocyte (diploid) DNA replication Primary spermatocyte MEIOSIS I Synapsis and tetrad formation Tetrad (four chromatids) Secondary spermatocytes MEIOSIS II Spermatids (haploid) SPERMIOGENESIS (physical maturation) Spermatozoa (haploid) Figure 19-3 5 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System Spermatozoon Structure Figure 19-4

Male Reproductive System Key Note Meiosis produces gametes that contain half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. For each cell entering meiosis, the testes produce four spermatozoa, whereas the ovaries produce only one ovum. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What is the Male Reproductive Tract? Epididymis Long tubule in which sperm mature Releases tubular fluid Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Joins with seminal vesicle Forms ejaculatory duct Urethra Extends from bladder to tip of penis Passageway for urine and semen Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System The Ductus Deferens Figure 19-5(a)

Male Reproductive System The Ductus Deferens Figure 19-5(b)

Male Reproductive System What are the Accessory Glands? Seminal vesicle Releases 60% of volume of semen Releases fructose to power the sperm Prostate gland Contributes about 30% of semen volume Bulbourethral glands Releases alkaline mucus as a lubricant Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What is Semen? Typical ejaculation expels 2–5 ml of semen Called the ejaculate Contains 20–50 million sperm per ml Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System What is the Penis? Erection of penis follows dilation of erectile bodies with blood Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(a)

Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(b)

Male Reproductive System The Penis Figure 19-6(c)

Male Reproductive System What are the Hormones and the Male Reproductive Function? Pituitary Hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Promotes spermatogenesis Luteining hormone (LH) Stimulates testosterone production Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Male Reproductive System Hormonal Feedback in the Regulation of Male Reproductive Function Figure 19-7

Female Reproductive System What are the Principal Female Reproductive Organs? Ovaries Uterine (Fallopian) tubes Uterus Vagina External genitalia (vulva) Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Figure 19-8(a)

Female Reproductive System The Female Reproductive System Figure 19-8(b)

Female Reproductive System What are the Ovaries? Primary sex organs of females Site of oogenesis (ovum production) Monthly ovarian cycle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 1 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) Primary oocyte (diploid) DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary oocyte Synapsis and tetrad formation MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body Secondary oocyte (haploid) (may not occur) MEIOSIS II begun in the tertiary follicle and completed only if fertilization occurs Secondary oocyte ovulated in metaphase of MEIOSIS II If fertilization occurs after ovulation, MEIOSIS II Is completed Second polar body Maturation of gamete Ovum (haploid) Figure 19-9 1 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 2 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) Primary oocyte (diploid) Figure 19-9 2 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 3 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) Primary oocyte (diploid) DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary oocyte Synapsis and tetrad formation Figure 19-9 3 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 4 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) Primary oocyte (diploid) DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary oocyte Synapsis and tetrad formation MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body Secondary oocyte (haploid) Figure 19-9 4 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

OOGENESIS Figure 19-9 5 of 5 MITOSIS of oogonium (before birth) Primary oocyte (diploid) DNA replication (before birth) Tetrad MEIOSIS I begins before birth Primary oocyte Synapsis and tetrad formation MEIOSIS I completed after puberty First polar body Secondary oocyte (haploid) (may not occur) MEIOSIS II begun in the tertiary follicle and completed only if fertilization occurs Secondary oocyte ovulated in metaphase of MEIOSIS II If fertilization occurs after ovulation, MEIOSIS II Is completed Second polar body Maturation of gamete Ovum (haploid) Figure 19-9 5 of 5 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 1 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Antrum containing follicular fluid Primordial follicles Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Nucleus of primary oocyte Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Degenerating corpus luteum Corpus luteum Corona radiata Corpus luteum Figure 19-10 1 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 2 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 3 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty cells Primordial follicles Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Figure 19-10 3 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 4 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Secondary follicle Follicle cells Primordial follicles Zona pellucida Nucleus of primary oocyte Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Follicle cells Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Figure 19-10 4 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 5 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Antrum containing follicular fluid Primordial follicles Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Nucleus of primary oocyte Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Figure 19-10 5 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 6 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Antrum containing follicular fluid Primordial follicles Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Nucleus of primary oocyte Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Corona radiata Figure 19-10 6 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 19-10 7 of 7 Primordial follicles before puberty Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle Follicle cells Antrum containing follicular fluid Primordial follicles Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Nucleus of primary oocyte Primary oocytes Zona pellucida Follicle cells Zona pellucida Primordial follicles Primary follicle Secondary follicle Tertiary follicle OVULATION Outer surface of ovary Released secondary oocyte Degenerating corpus luteum Corpus luteum Corona radiata Corpus luteum Figure 19-10 7 of 7 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System Key Note Oogenesis begins during embryonic development, and primary oocyte production is completed before birth. After puberty, each month the ovary produces one or more secondary oocytes from pre-existing primary oocytes. The number of viable primary oocytes declines with age, until ovarian cycles end at age 45–55. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What are the Uterine Tubes? End in a funnel-shaped infundibulum Ovum enters here after ovulation Ovum moves from infundibulum toward uterus Fertilization must occur during first 12–24 hours of its passage from infundibulum to uterus Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What is the Uterus? Protects and supports developing embryo Regions Body Cervix Uterine cavity Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What is the Uterus? (cont’d) Wall components Endometrium Lining of cavity Myometrium Smooth muscle layer Perimetrium Serous covering Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System The Uterus Figure 19-11

Female Reproductive System What is the Uterine Cycle? Also called, menstrual cycle Typically, 28 days long Begins with Onset of menses Loss of the functional zone of endometrium Lasts one to seven days Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What is the Uterine Cycle? (cont’d) Proliferative phase follows menses Repair, growth of functional zone of endometrium Secretory phase follows Uterus prepared for embryo Menarche—First menses Menopause—Cycles stop Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What is The Vagina? Muscular tube between uterus and external genitalia Partially blocked by hymen Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What are the Functions of the Vagina? Release menstrual fluid Receive penis during intercourse Hold semen after ejaculation Passageway for fetus during birth Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System What is the External Genitalia? Also called, vulva Components of vulva Vestibule Labia minora Clitoris Labia majora Mons pubis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System The Female External Genitalia Figure 19-12

Female Reproductive System What are the Mammary Glands? Located within the breast Produce milk to nourish the baby Stimulated by hormones Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System Mammary Gland of the Left Breast Figure 19-13

Female Reproductive System What are the Hormones and the Reproductive Cycle? Estradiol—The estrogen that dominates follicular phase of ovarian cycle Progesterone—The progestin that dominates luteal phase of ovarian cycle Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(a)

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(b)

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(c)

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(d)

Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive Cycle Figure 19-14(e)

Female Reproductive System Key Note Cyclic changes in FSH and LH levels are responsible for the maintenance of the ovarian cycle; the hormones produced by the ovaries in turn regulate the uterine cycle. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiology of Sexual Intercourse What is the Male Sexual Function? Arousal Erotic thoughts, sensations lead to parasympathetic activity Erection Sympathetic activity increases blood flow into erectile tissues of penis Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiology of Sexual Intercourse What is the Male Sexual Function? (cont’d) Ejaculation Orgasm Associated with strong contractions Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Physiology of Sexual Intercourse What is the Female Sexual Function? Phases of sexual arousal similar to the male Parasympathetic activity during arousal Clitoral erection Muscular contraction associated with orgasm Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reproductive System and Aging What is Menopause? Time when menstruation and ovulation cease Normally occurs about age 50 Production of sex steroids drops Estrogen, progesterone Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Reproductive System and Aging What is The Male Climacteric? Onset at about age 50–60 Hormone levels change Testosterone levels drop Sperm quantity and quality decline Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings