1. The Reproductive System
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2. The Reproductive System
Gonads – primary sex organs
Testes in males
Ovaries in females
Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones
Sperm – male gametes
Eggs (ova) – female gametes
Slide 16.1
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3. Male Reproductive System
Accessory organs
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
External genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
Slide 16.2b
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4. Testes Testes contain structures called seminiferous tubules
Tightly coiled structures
Function as sperm-forming factories
Empty sperm into the epididymis
Once sperm have been formed they travel to the epididymis
Testes produce hormones such as testosterone
Slide 16.4
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5. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
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6. Testes
Figure 16.1
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8. Epididymis Comma-shaped, tightly coiled tube
Functions to mature and store sperm cells (at least 20 days)
Expels sperm with the contraction of muscles in the epididymis walls to the vas deferens
Slide 16.5
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9. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
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10. Vas Deferens Carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Moves sperm by contraction
The ejaculatory duct connects with the urethra (exit out of the penis)
Slide 16.6a
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11. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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12. Urethra
Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
Carries both urine and sperm
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Slide 16.7a
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13. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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14. Seminal Vesicles Located at the base of the bladder
Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)
Fructose (sugar)
Vitamin C
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
Slide 16.8
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15. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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16. Prostate Gland Encircles the upper part of the urethra
Secretes a milky fluid
Helps to activate sperm
Enters the urethra through several small ducts
Slide 16.9
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17. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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18. Bulbourethral Glands Also known as the Cowper’s Gland
Pea-sized gland under the prostate
Produces a thick, clear mucus
Cleanses the urethra of acidic urine
Serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
Secreted into the urethra
Slide 16.10
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19. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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20. Semen Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Advantages of accessory gland secretions
Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
Semen inhibits bacterial multiplication
Elements of semen enhance sperm motility
Slide 16.11
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21. External Genitalia Scrotum Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen
Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body temperature to protect sperm
Slide 16.12
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22. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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23. External Genitalia Penis
Delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
Regions of the penis
Shaft
Glans penis (enlarged tip)
Prepuce (foreskin)
Folded cuff of skin around proximal end
Often removed by circumcision
Slide 16.13a
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24. Male Reproductive System
Figure 16.2
Slide 16.2c
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25. Spermatogenesis Production of sperm cells
Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules (in testes)
Slide 16.14
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27. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
Slide 16.21a
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28. Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8a
Slide 16.21b
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29. Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures)
Ovaries
Composed of ovarian follicles (sac-like structures)
Produce eggs
Figure 16.7
Slide 16.22
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31. Ovarian Follicle Stages
Ovulation – when the egg is mature the follicle ruptures
Occurs about every 28 days
Slide 16.23
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32. Fallopian Tubes/Oviducts
Receive the ovulated egg (oocyte)
Provide a site for fertilization
Attaches to the uterus
Does not physically attach to the ovary
Slide 16.25
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33. Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8a
Slide 16.21b
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34. Fallopian Tube Function
Fimbriae – finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube that help move the egg from the ovary to the fallopian tube
Cilia inside the fallopian tube slowly move the egg towards the uterus (takes 3–4 days)
Fertilization occurs inside the fallopian tube
Slide 16.26
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35. Fallopian tube, cont’d
If fertilized egg implants into oviduct, an ectopic pregnancy occurs (very dangerous)

36. Uterus Located between the urinary bladder and rectum Hollow organ
Functions of the uterus
Receives a fertilized egg
Nourishes the fertilized egg as it develops into a fetus
Slide 16.27
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37. Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8a
Slide 16.21b
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38. Walls of the Uterus
Inner layer of the uterus is called the endometrium
Fertilized egg implants in the endometrium
Released if no pregnancy occurs (menstration)
Slide 16.30
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39. Cervix
The lower entrance into the uterus. The opening lies between the uterus and the vagina.

40. Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8a
Slide 16.21b
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41. Vagina Extends from cervix to exterior of body
Behind bladder and in front of rectum
Serves as the birth canal
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Slide 16.31
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42. Female Reproductive System
Figure 16.8a
Slide 16.21b
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43. Oogenesis The total supply of eggs are present at birth
Ability to release eggs begins at puberty
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oocytes (eggs) are matured in follicles inside the ovaries
Slide 16.34
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44. Oogenesis Slide 16.37 Figure 16.10
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45. Menstrual Cycle
Regulated by hormones such as estrogen and progesterone
Happens approximately every 28 days if a fertilized egg has not been implanted in the uterine wall.
Blood and tissue from the endometrium are shed.
Slide 16.38
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46. Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Figure 16.12a, b
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47. Hormonal Control of the Ovarian and Uterine Cycles
Figure 16.12c, d
Slide 16.39b
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48. Mammary Glands Present in both sexes, but only function in females
Modified sweat glands
Function is to produce milk
Stimulated by sex hormones (mostly estrogen) to increase in size
Slide 16.42
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49. Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
Reproductive system organs do not function until puberty
Puberty usually begins between ages 10 and 15
The first menstruation usually occurs about two years after the start of puberty
Most women reach peak reproductive ability in their late 20s
Slide 16.65
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50. Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
Menopause occurs when ovulation and menstruation stop
There is a no equivalent of menopause in males, but there is a steady decline in testosterone as males age
Slide 16.66
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