1. Chapter 16 ~ Human Reproduction

2. Mammalian reproduction, I
The Human Male
Testes~ male gonads
Contained w/in scrotum due to temp.
Seminiferous tubules~ sperm formation (spermatogenesis)
Leydig cells~ hormone production
Epididymis~ sperm development
Vas deferens~ sperm propulsion
Seminal vesicles~ semen
Prostate gland~ anticoagulant; nutrients, sperm activation
Bulbourethral glands~ acid neutralizer – cleanses urethra
Penis/urethra~ semen delivery

3. Mammalian reproduction, II
The Human Female
Ovaries~ female gonads
Follicle~ egg capsule
Oocyte – immature egg
Graafian follicle – contains mature eggs – ovulation (release)
Corpus luteum~ hormone secretion
Oviduct (fallopian tubes)~ fertilization
Uterus/endometrium~ womb/lining – implantation site
Cervix/vagina~ sperm receptacle

4. Spermatogenesis Puberty until death! Seminiferous tubules~ location
Primordial germ cell (2N)~ differentiate into….
Spermatogonium (2N)~ sperm precursor
Repeated mitosis into….
Primary spermatocyte (2N)
1st meiotic division
Secondary spermatocyte (1N)
2nd meiotic division
Spermatids (1N)~Sertoli cells provide nutrients
Sperm cells (1N)

5. Oogenesis As embryo until menopause... Ovaries
Primordial germ cells (2N)
Oogonium (2N)
Primary oocyte (2N)
Between birth & puberty; prophase I of meiosis
Puberty; FSH; completes meiosis I
Secondary oocyte (1N); polar body
Meiosis II; stimulated by fertilization
Ovum (1N); 2nd polar body

6. The female pattern Ovarian/Menstrual cycles~ •
Menstrual phase – endometrium sloughs off
Proliferative (follicular) phase
endometrium repairs and thickens
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – causes primary follicle to grow
Ovulation occurs – release of oocyte – triggered by luteinizing hormone (LH)
Secretory (luteal) phase – glands release nutrients and lining becomes vascularized

7. Embryonic & fetal development
Gestation~ pregnancy
1st trimester:
organogenesis
fetus (week 8; all adult features)
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) hormone (menstruation override; pregnancy test detection)
Parturition~birth
Labor~uterine contractions
Lactation~prolactin (triggered by parturition) & oxytocin (triggered by nursing)
Mammary glands

8. Modern technologies