1. Fig. 19.1 Mammary gland (in breast) Uterine tube Seminal vesicle Ovary
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mammary
gland
(in breast)
Uterine
tube
Seminal
vesicle
Ovary
Ductus
deferens
Prostate
gland
Uterus
Vagina
Epididymis
Penis
Testis
(a)
(b)

2. Fig. 19.4 Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Basement
membrane
Interstitial cells
(Leydig cells)
Sustentacular cell
Spermatogonia
Rete testis
Efferent
ductules
Testis
Seminiferous tubule
Primary and
secondary
spermatocytes
Epididymis
Duct of
epididymis
Spermatids
(b)
Sperm cells
Septa
Acrosome
Lobules
with coiled
seminiferous
tubules
Head
Ductus
deferens
Nucleus
Midpiece
Centriole
(a)
Tail
(c)
Mitochondria
Tail
(d)

3. Fig. 19.3 Ureter Seminal vesicle Urinary bladder Ejaculatory duct
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ureter
Seminal vesicle
Urinary bladder
Ejaculatory duct
Rectum
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
Anus
Urethra
Penis
Ductus deferens
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Prepuce
Scrotum
Medial view

4. Fig. 19.4 Basement membrane Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Basement
membrane
Interstitial cells
(Leydig cells)
Sustentacular cell
Spermatogonia
Rete testis
Efferent
ductules
Testis
Seminiferous tubule
Primary and
secondary
spermatocytes
Epididymis
Duct of
epididymis
Spermatids
(b)
Sperm cells
Septa
Acrosome
Lobules
with coiled
seminiferous
tubules
Head
Ductus
deferens
Nucleus
Midpiece
Centriole
(a)
Tail
(c)
Mitochondria
Tail
(d)

5. Fig. 19.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I)
Second Meiotic Division (Meiosis II)
(continued from the bottom of previous column) 1
Early prophase I
The duplicated
chromosomes
become visible
chromatids.
Centromere
Chromosome 6
Prophase II
Each chromosome
consists of two
chromatids.
Nucleus
Chromatids
Centrioles 2
Middle prophase I
Pairs of chromosomes
synapse. Crossing
over may occur at
this stage.
Pair of chromosomes
Spindle
fibers 3
Metaphase I
Pairs of chromosomes align
along the center of the cell.
Random assortment
of chromosomes occurs. 7
Metaphase II
Chromosomes
align along the
center of the cell.
Equatorial
plane 4
Anaphase I
Chromosomes move
apart to opposite
sides of the cell. 8
Anaphase II
Chromatids
separate, and each
is now called a
chromosome.
Cleavage
furrow 5
Telophase I
New nuclei form,
and the cell divides.
Each cell now has
two sets of half the
chromosomes. 9
Telophase II
New nuclei form
around the
chromosomes.
The cells divide to
form four daughter
cells with half as
many chromosomes
as the parent cell.
Prophase II (top of next column)

6. Fig. 19.5
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
Spermatogonia
are the cells from
which sperm
cells arise. The
spermatogonia
divide by mitosis.
One daughter
cell remains a
spermatogonium
that can divide
again by mitosis.
cell becomes a
primary
spermatocyte. 1
Spermatogonium
(germ cell) 46 46
Mitotic division 46
Daughter cell
Sustentacular
cell
Primary
spermatocyte 46 2
The primary
spermatocyte
divides by
meiosis to form
secondary
spermatocytes.
First meiotic
division 2
Secondary
spermatocyte 23 23 3
The secondary
spermatocytes
divide by meiosis
to form
spermatids. 3
Second meiotic
division
Spermatid 23 23 23 23 4
The spermatids
differentiate to
form sperm cells. 4
Spermatid
becoming a
sperm cell 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Sperm
cells

7. Table 19.2

8. Fig. 19.7 1 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1
Gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) from the
hypothalamus stimulates the
secretion of luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH) from the anterior
pituitary.
GnRH
Hypothalamus
Stimulatory 2
LH stimulates testosterone
secretion from the interstitial
cells.
Inhibitory 3
FSH stimulates sustentacular
cells of the seminiferous
tubules to increase
spermatogenesis and to
secrete inhibin.
Anterior pituitary
LH, FSH 1 5 4
Testosterone has a
stimulatory effect on the
sustentacular cells of the
seminiferous tubules, as well as on
the development of reproductive
organs and secondary sexual
characteristics. LH
FSH
Inhibin 2 3 6
Interstitial
cells of
testis
Sustentacular
cells of
seminiferous
tubules 5
Testosterone has a
negative-feedback effect on the
hypothalamus and pituitary to
reduce GnRH, LH, and FSH
secretion.
Testosterone 4
Development of
reproductive
organs and
secondary sexual
characteristics 6
Inhibin has a negative-feedback
effect on the anterior pituitary to
reduce FSH secretion.
Spermatogenesis

9. Fig. 19.1 Mammary gland (in breast) Uterine tube Seminal vesicle Ovary
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mammary
gland
(in breast)
Uterine
tube
Seminal
vesicle
Ovary
Ductus
deferens
Prostate
gland
Uterus
Vagina
Epididymis
Penis
Testis
(a)
(b)

10. Fig. 19.8 Uterine tube Vertebral column Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Uterine tube
Vertebral
column
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary
bladder
Pubic
symphysis
Cervix
of uterus
Anterior
Posterior
Mons pubis
Rectum
Urethra
Clitoris
Vagina
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Labia minora
Labia majora
Medial view

11. Fig. 19.10 Mesovarium Blood vessels Primordial follicles
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Mesovarium
Blood vessels
Primordial follicles
Primary oocyte
Degenerated corpus luteum
Primary follicles
Visceral peritoneum
Granulosa cells
Zona pellucida
Outer part of ovary
Inner part of ovary
Degenerating follicle
Secondary follicle
Vesicles
Zona pellucida
Corpus luteum
Theca
Zona pellucida
Primary oocyte
Cumulus cells
Mature, or
graafian, follicle
Antrum
Theca

12. Fig. 19.9 Uterine tube Mesovarium Uterine cavity Suspensory ligament
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Uterine tube
Mesovarium
Uterine cavity
Suspensory
ligament
Ovary
Fimbria
Broad ligament
Ampulla
of uterine
tube
Fundus
Ovary
Uterine
tube
Broad
ligament
Ovarian ligament
Uterus
Body
Round ligament
Endometrium
Myometrium (muscular layer)
Perimetrium (serous layer)
Broad ligament (cut)
Cervix
Cervical canal
Vagina (cut)
Opening of cervix
Anterior view

13. Fig. 19.8 Uterine tube Vertebral column Ovary Uterus Urinary bladder
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Uterine tube
Vertebral
column
Ovary
Uterus
Urinary
bladder
Pubic
symphysis
Cervix
of uterus
Anterior
Posterior
Mons pubis
Rectum
Urethra
Clitoris
Vagina
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Labia minora
Labia majora
Medial view

14. Fig
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary gland LH
Pituitary
gland
FSH
Degenerating
corpus
luteum
Corpus
luteum
Developing follicles
Ovulation
Estrogen
Ovary
Progesterone
Endometrium
Uterus 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
28 days
Menses
Proliferative
phase
Secretory
phase
Menses

15. Fig. 19.2
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
First Meiotic Division (Meiosis I)
Second Meiotic Division (Meiosis II)
(continued from the bottom of previous column) 1
Early prophase I
The duplicated
chromosomes
become visible
chromatids.
Centromere
Chromosome 6
Prophase II
Each chromosome
consists of two
chromatids.
Nucleus
Chromatids
Centrioles 2
Middle prophase I
Pairs of chromosomes
synapse. Crossing
over may occur at
this stage.
Pair of chromosomes
Spindle
fibers 3
Metaphase I
Pairs of chromosomes align
along the center of the cell.
Random assortment
of chromosomes occurs. 7
Metaphase II
Chromosomes
align along the
center of the cell.
Equatorial
plane 4
Anaphase I
Chromosomes move
apart to opposite
sides of the cell. 8
Anaphase II
Chromatids
separate, and each
is now called a
chromosome.
Cleavage
furrow 5
Telophase I
New nuclei form,
and the cell divides.
Each cell now has
two sets of half the
chromosomes. 9
Telophase II
New nuclei form
around the
chromosomes.
The cells divide to
form four daughter
cells with half as
many chromosomes
as the parent cell.
Prophase II (top of next column)

16. Number of primary oocytes
Fig
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Oocyte Maturation
Follicle Maturation
Age 1
Oogonia give rise to oocytes.
Before birth, oogonia multiply by
mitosis. During development of
the fetus, many oogonia begin
meiosis, but stop in prophase I
and are now called primary
oocytes. They remain in this state
until puberty.
Oogonia
Before
birth 46 46
Mitotic division
Daughter
cell 46 1 2
Primary oocyte
Primordial
follicle 2
Before birth, the primary oocytes
become surrounded by a single
layer of granulosa cells, creating a
primordial follicle. These are
present until puberty.
Primary
oocyte 46
First meiotic
division begins
and then stops
Granulosa
cells
Number of primary oocytes
decreases to 300,000
Birth to
puberty 3
After puberty, primordial follicles
develop into primary follicles
when the granulosa cells enlarge
and increase in number.
Puberty to
menopause 3
Primary
follicles
Primary oocyte
Granulosa
cells 4
Secondary follicles form when
fluid-filled vesicles develop and
theca cells arise on the outside
of the follicle.
Zona pellucida
Primary
oocyte 4
Secondary
follicle
Zona
pellucida
Fluid-filled vesicles
Granulosa
cells 5
Mature follicles form when the
vesicles create a single antrum.
Theca 5
Mature (graafian)
follicle 6
Just before ovulation, the primary
oocyte completes meiosis I,
creating a secondary oocyte and
a nonviable polar body.
First meiotic
division
completed just
before ovulation
Zona pellucida 6
Cumulus cells
Antrum 7
The secondary oocyte begins
meiosis II, but stops at
metaphase II.
Theca
Secondary
oocyte
First polar body
(may divide to
form two polar
bodies) 23 23
Second meiotic
division begins
and then stops
Granulosa cells
being converted
to corpus luteum
cells 8
During ovulation, the secondary
oocyte is released from the ovary. 7
Ovulation 9
The secondary oocyte only
completes meiosis II if it is
fertilized by a sperm cell. The
completion of meiosis II forms an
oocyte and a second polar body.
Fertilization is complete when the
oocyte nucleus and the sperm
cell nucleus unite, creating a
zygote.
Secondary
oocyte
Secondary
oocyte 23 8
Zona
pellucida
Second
polar
body 9
Sperm cell
unites with
secondary
oocyte
Cumulus
cells 10 23 23
Zygote 23 46 10
Following ovulation, the granulosa
cells divide rapidly and enlarge to
form the corpus luteum.
Corpus
luteum
Second meiotic division
completed after sperm
cell unites with the
secondary oocyte 11 11
The corpus luteum degenerates
to form a scar, or corpus albicans.
Corpus
albicans
Fertilization

17. Table 19.3