Chapter 10 Lesson 10.3 Cerebral concussion: Cerebral contusion: Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Thromboti Embolic Hemorrhagic Migraine LP TIA encephal/o Journal question: How is a severed electrical cord similar to a nerve that has been cut?

Chapter Goals Define several pathological conditions affecting the nervous system. Describe some laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system. Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 2

Pathology Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida Spina bifida cystica Spina bifida occulta How is hydrocephalus treated? What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.

Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders Alzheimer disease (AD) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Epilepsy Huntington disease Multiple sclerosis (MS) Myasthenia gravis (MG) Palsy Parkinson disease Tourette syndrome Which conditions are movement related? Which conditions are degenerative?

Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox? What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated? What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?

Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion: Cerebral contusion: Temporary brain dysfunction after injury Usually clears within 24 hours Cerebral contusion: Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs Migraine — severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

Vascular Disorders (cont’d) There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic. What is another name for CVA? What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

Clinical Procedures X-ray Tests Other Procedures Cerebral angiography Computed tomography (CT) of the brain Myelography Other Procedures MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging PET—Positron emission scan EEG—Electroencephalography Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?

Abbreviations Abbreviations AD AFP Alzheimer disease ALS AVM CNS CSF CT CVA Alzheimer disease alpha-fetoprotein amyotrophic lateral sclerosis arteriovenous malformation central nervous system cerebrospinal fluid computed tomography cerebrovascular accident Which items are disorders or injuries, and which are procedures?

Abbreviations (cont’d) EEG GABA ICP LP MAC MG MRA MRI electroencephalogram gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter) intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mmHG lumbar puncture monitored anesthetic care myasthenia gravis magnetic resonance angiography magnetic resonance imaging Which items are pathologies, and which are tests? What is an EEG used to measure?

Abbreviations (cont’d) 1/2 P PCA PNS PET Sz TBI TENS TIA TLE tPA hemiparesis patient-controlled anesthesia peripheral nervous system positron emission tomography seizure traumatic brain injury transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation transient ischemic attack temporal lobe epilepsy tissue plasminogen activator Which of the items listed above are pathologies? Describe them.

Practical Applications What symptoms signal nervous system problems? What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems? Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered? What are common pathologies of the nervous system?

Review Sheet (cont’d) alges/o sensitivity to pain angi/o vessel, blood COMBINING FORMS alges/o sensitivity to pain angi/o vessel, blood caus/o burn, burning cephal/o head cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) comat/o deep sleep crani/o skull cry/o cold COMBINING FORMS comat/o deep sleep crani/o skull cry/o cold dur/o dura mater encephal/o brain esthesi/o nervous sensation Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement COMBINING FORMS gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement lept/o thin, slender lex/o word, phrase mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges my/o muscle Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) myel/o spinal cord narc/o sleep neur/o nerve COMBINING FORMS myel/o spinal cord narc/o sleep neur/o nerve olig/o scanty pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root Combining Form Meaning

Review Sheet (cont’d) spin/o spine syncop/o cut off tax/o order COMBINING FORMS spin/o spine syncop/o cut off tax/o order thalam/o thalamus thec/o sheath (refers to meninges) troph/o nourishment vag/o vagus nerve Combining Form Meaning