1. The Language Of Medicine
9th edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner

2. Chapter 10 Nervous System
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3. Chapter Goals
Name, locate, and describe major organs of the nervous system and their functions.
Learn nervous system combining forms and use them with suffixes and prefixes.
Define pathological conditions affecting the nervous system. 3

4. Chapter Goals (cont’d)
Describe laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in the proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 4

5. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.1

6. Introduction Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells
Voluntary and involuntary functions
Carries electrical messages
External and internal receptors
What are external stimuli?
How can internal chemicals be stimuli?
What are some of the involuntary body functions controlled by the nervous system?

7. Introduction (cont’d)
Nerve cells:
Microscopic
Collected into macroscopic nerves
Carry electrical messages all over the body
Internal and external stimuli activate the cell membranes to release stored electrical energy called the nervous impulse.
External and internal receptors receive and transmit these impulses to the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system).
The central nervous system recognizes, interprets, and relays impulses to other nerve cells that extend through parts of the body, such as muscles, glands, and organs.
What is the scope of influence nerve cells have on bodily function?

8. General Structure of the Nervous System
Two major divisions:
Central nervous system—CNS
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system—PNS
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
Cranial nerves carry electrical impulses between the brain and the head and neck (except vagus nerve).
Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities.
Why is the 10th cranial nerve called the vagus nerve? What does it do?

9. General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d)
Cranial and spinal nerves
Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain.
Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers.
Sensory receptors
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary functioning?
What are parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

10. General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d)
Autonomic nervous system:
Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs.
Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress.
Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system.
Slow heart rate
Lower blood pressure
The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically.
It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder.
Why is the autonomic nervous system necessary?

11. Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
How are stimuli processed by the nervous system?
What are the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?

12. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Neuron = individual nerve cell
Dendrite
Cell nucleus
Axon
Myelin sheath
Neurilemma
Terminal end fibers (secrete neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmitters transfer impulse across synapse
Ganglia = small clusters of nerve cell bodies
What structure carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body?
What substances are examples of neurotransmitters?
What is the singular form of “ganglia”?

13. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
Label the parts of a neuron, and review the path of a nervous impulse.
Answers are on the next slide.
What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?

14. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
The image shows the parts of a neuron. Review the path of a nervous impulse.
What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?

15. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
Glia cells:
Maintain health of nervous system
Do not transmit impulses
How do the glia cells keep the nervous system healthy?

16. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia (cont’d)
Three types:
Astrocytes (astroglial cells)
Microglia (microglial cells)
Oligodendroglia (oligodendroglial cells)
These are the supportive, protective, and connective cells of the central nervous system.
(Recap) What purpose does stromal tissue serve?

17. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.2

18. The Brain .

19. The Brain (cont’d)
The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres.
The brain consists of four major lobes, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
What are the parts of the left cerebral hemisphere as shown in the diagram?
What primary functions are carried out by the different lobes of the brain?

20. The Brain (cont’d) Cerebrum Is the largest section of brain
Surface nerve cells called cerebral cortex
Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought
What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex?
How many major divisions can be applied to the entire cerebral cortex?

21. The Brain (cont’d) Cerebellum Thalamus Coordinates voluntary movements
Maintains balance
Thalamus
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)
What is the value of the ability to sense pain?

22. The Brain (cont’d) Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
How do messages travel from one side of the brain to another?

23. The Brain (cont’d) The Brainstem Pons
Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain
Houses nerves for face and eyes

24. The Brain (cont’d) The Brainstem Medulla oblongata
Connects spinal cord to brain
Nerve tracts from side to side
Regulates:
Blood vessels
Heart
Respiratory system
How does the word “crossover” apply to a function of the medulla oblongata?

25. The Spinal Cord and Meninges
The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.
It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain.
The inner section of the cross section of the spinal cord is gray matter.
The outer section of the cross section of the spinal cord is white matter.
What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?

26. The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d)
Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (It channels blood to brain tissue.)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?

27. The Spinal Cord and Meninges (cont’d)
Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (It channels blood to brain tissue.)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?

28. Vocabulary acetylcholine afferent nerve arachnoid membrane astrocyte
autonomic nervous system

29. Vocabulary (cont’d) axon blood-brain barrier brainstem cauda equina
cell body

30. Vocabulary (cont’d) central nervous system cerebellum cerebral cortex
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
cerebrum

31. Vocabulary (cont’d) dendrite dura mater ependymal cell efferent nerve
ganglion/ganglia
glial cell or neuroglial cell
gyrus

32. Vocabulary (cont’d) hypothalamus medulla oblongata meninges
microglial cell
motor nerve
myelin sheath

33. Vocabulary (cont’d) nerve neuron neurotransmitter
oligodendroglial cell
parasympathetic nerves
parenchyma
peripheral nervous system

34. Vocabulary (cont’d) pia mater plexus pons receptor sciatic nerve
sensory nerve
spinal nerves

35. Vocabulary (cont’d) stimulus/stimuli stroma sulcus sympathetic nerves
synapse
thalamus
vagus nerve
ventricles of the brain

36. QUICK QUIZ:
1. A sheet of nerve cells that produces a rounded fold on the surface of the cerebellum
A. microglial
B. gyrus
C. parenchyma
D. stroma
Correct answer is B: gyrus

37. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
2. The thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges
A. pia mater
B. dura mater
C. parenchyma
D. stroma
Correct answer is A: pia mater

38. Terminology cerebell/o cerebellum cerebr/o cerebrum dur/o dura mater
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
gli/o glial cells
Combining Form Meaning

39. Terminology (cont’d) lept/o thin, slender
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
lept/o thin, slender
mening/o, membranes, meningi/o meninges
my/o muscle
myel/o spinal cord
neur/o nerve
Combining Form Meaning

40. Terminology (cont’d) pont/o pons radicul/o nerve root
ORGANS AND STRUCTURES
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
vag/o vagus nerve
Combining Form Meaning

41. Terminology (cont’d) alges/o, -algesia -algia
SYMPTOMS
alges/o, -algesia
-algia
caus/o
comat/o
esthesi/o, -esthesia
kines/o, -kinesia
Combining Form Meaning
excessive sensitivity to pain
pain
burning
deep sleep
feeling, nervous sensation
movement

42. Terminology (cont’d) -kinesis, kinetic -lepsy movement lex/o seizure
SYMPTOMS
-kinesis, kinetic
-lepsy
lex/o
-paresis
-phasia
Combining Form Meaning
movement
seizure
word, phrase
slight paralysis
speech

43. Terminology (cont’d) -plegia -praxia -sthenia paralysis action
SYMPTOMS
-plegia
-praxia
-sthenia
syncop/o
tax/o
Combining Form Meaning
paralysis
action
strength
cut off
order, coordination

44. QUICK QUIZ: 3. Which term means nerve pain? A. cephalgia B. analgesia
C. hypalgesia
D. neuralgia
Correct answer is D: neuralgia

45. QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
4. Which type of hematoma occurs between the skull and the dura as a result of a ruptured meningeal artery, usually after a fracture of the skull?
A. subdural
B. epidural
C. intracerebral
Correct answer is B: epidural.

46. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.3

47. Pathology Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida
Spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta
How is hydrocephalus treated?
What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.

48. Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
Which conditions are movement related?
Which conditions are degenerative?

49. Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox?
What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated?
What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?

50. Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion: Cerebral contusion:
Temporary brain dysfunction after injury
Usually clears within 24 hours
Cerebral contusion:
Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head
Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

51. Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain
Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries
Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs
Migraine — severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

52. Vascular Disorders (cont’d)
There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic.
What is another name for CVA?
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

53. Clinical Procedures X-ray Tests Other Procedures Cerebral angiography
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
Myelography
Other Procedures
MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging
PET—Positron emission scan
EEG—Electroencephalography
Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?

54. Abbreviations Abbreviations AD AFP Alzheimer disease ALS
AVM
CNS CT
CSF
CVA
Alzheimer disease
alpha-fetoprotein
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
arteriovenous malformation
central nervous system
cerebrospinal fluid
computed tomography
cerebrovascular accident
Which items are disorders or injuries, and which are procedures?

55. Abbreviations (cont’d)
EEG
GABA
ICP LP
MAC MG
MRA
MRI
electroencephalogram
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mmHG
lumbar puncture
monitored anesthetic care
myasthenia gravis
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging
Which items are pathologies, and which are tests?
What is an EEG used to measure?

56. Abbreviations (cont’d)
1/2 P
PCA
PNS
PET Sz
TBI
TENS
TIA
TLE
tPA
hemiparesis
patient-controlled anesthesia
peripheral nervous system
positron emission tomography
seizure
traumatic brain injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
transient ischemic attack
temporal lobe epilepsy
tissue plasminogen activator
Which of the items listed above are pathologies? Describe them.

57. Practical Applications
What symptoms signal nervous system problems?
What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems?
Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?
What are common pathologies of the nervous system?

58. Review Sheet alges/o ___________ angi/o ___________ caus/o ___________
COMBINING FORMS
alges/o ___________
angi/o ___________
caus/o ___________
cephal/o ___________
cerebell/o ___________
cerebr/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning

59. Review Sheet (cont’d) alges/o sensitivity to pain angi/o vessel, blood
COMBINING FORMS
alges/o sensitivity to pain
angi/o vessel, blood
caus/o burn, burning
cephal/o head
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
Combining Form Meaning

60. Review Sheet (cont’d) comat/o ___________ crani/o ___________
COMBINING FORMS
comat/o ___________
crani/o ___________
cry/o ___________
dur/o ___________
encephal/o ___________
esthesi/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning

61. Review Sheet (cont’d) comat/o deep sleep crani/o skull cry/o cold
COMBINING FORMS
comat/o deep sleep
crani/o skull
cry/o cold
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
esthesi/o nervous sensation
Combining Form Meaning

62. Review Sheet (cont’d) gli/o _________ hydr/o _________
COMBINING FORMS
gli/o _________
hydr/o _________
kines/o _________
lept/o _________
lex/o _________
mening/o, meningi/o _________
my/o _________
Combining Form Meaning

63. Review Sheet (cont’d) gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement
COMBINING FORMS
gli/o glue
hydr/o water
kines/o movement
lept/o thin, slender
lex/o word, phrase
mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges
my/o muscle
Combining Form Meaning

64. Review Sheet (cont’d) myel/o ___________ narc/o ___________
COMBINING FORMS
myel/o ___________
narc/o ___________
neur/o ___________
olig/o ___________
pont/o ___________
radicul/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning

65. Review Sheet (cont’d) myel/o spinal cord narc/o sleep neur/o nerve
COMBINING FORMS
myel/o spinal cord
narc/o sleep
neur/o nerve
olig/o scanty
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
Combining Form Meaning

66. Review Sheet (cont’d) spin/o ___________ syncop/o ___________
COMBINING FORMS
spin/o ___________
syncop/o ___________
tax/o ___________
thalam/o ___________
thec/o ___________
troph/o ___________
vag/o ___________
Combining Form Meaning

67. Review Sheet (cont’d) spin/o spine syncop/o cut off tax/o order
COMBINING FORMS
spin/o spine
syncop/o cut off
tax/o order
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
troph/o nourishment
vag/o vagus nerve
Combining Form Meaning