1. Chapter 9 Nervous System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPix_X-9t7E

2. The Nervous System Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nerves
Parasympathetic Nerves

3. Introduction Nervous system: Complex: 10 billion nerve cells
Voluntary and involuntary functions
Nerves carry electrical messages
External and internal receptors
What are external stimuli?
How can internal chemicals be stimuli?
What are some of the involuntary body functions controlled by the nervous system?

4. Nervous System Two major divisions: Central nervous system
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
cranial nerves: Cranial nerves carry electrical impulses between the brain and the head and neck (except vagus nerve).
spinal nerves: Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities.
Cranial nerves carry electrical impulses between the brain and the head and neck (except vagus nerve).
Spinal nerves carry impulses between the spinal cord and the chest, abdomen, and extremities.
Why is the 10th cranial nerve called the vagus nerve? What does it do?

5. Vagus Nerve

6. General Structure of the Nervous System
Cranial and spinal nerves
Sensory nerves carry messages toward the brain.
Motor nerves carry messages from the brain.
Mixed nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers.
Sensory receptors
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary functioning?
What are parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves?

7. General Structure of the Nervous System (cont’d.)
Autonomic nervous system:
Carries impulses from the central nervous system to organs.
The autonomic nervous system contains a large group of nerves that function automatically.
It controls heart, blood vessels, glands, and involuntary muscles like intestines, and hollow organs such as stomach and urinary bladder.
Why is the autonomic nervous system necessary?

8. Automomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nerves stimulate body under stress.
Parasympathetic nerves balance sympathetic system.
Slow heart rate
Lower blood pressure

9. Divisions of the Central and Peripheral Nervous System
How are stimuli processed by the nervous system?
What are the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?

10. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Neuron = individual nerve cell
Dendrite – branching fibers of neuron
Cell nucleus
What structure carries the nerve impulse away from the cell body?
What substances are examples of neurotransmitters?
What is the singular form of “ganglia”?

12. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Axon – carry impulses away
Myelin sheath – fatty tissue that covers the axon giving it a white color (white matter)
Gray Matter – cell bodies of neurons not covered with a myelin sheath.

13. Neurons, Nerves, and Glia
Synapse – space where nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another
Terminal end fibers - (secrete neurotransmitters)
Neurotransmitters - transfer impulse across synapse
Ganglia - small clusters of nerve cell bodies outside the brain and spinal cord.

15. Neurotransmitters – chemicals that control the transfer of an impulse across the synapse
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Endorphins

17. What are the parts of the neurons shown in this slide?
What structures comprise the parenchymal cells of the nervous system?

18. The Brain– Controls body activities, weighs about 3 lbs
The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres.
The brain consists of four major lobes, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.
What are the parts of the left cerebral hemisphere as shown in the diagram?
What primary functions are carried out by the different lobes of the brain?

19. The Brain The brain is divided into right and left hemispheres.
The brain consists of four major lobes, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

20. The Cerebrum Largest section of brain
Surface has nerve cells called cerebral cortex.
Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing, and thought
What is the purpose of the cerebral cortex?
How many major divisions can be applied to the entire cerebral cortex?

21. Cerebral Cortex
the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness

22. Cerebrum Spaces in the middle of the cerebrum are called ventricles.
Ventricles contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This fluid cushions the brain.
CSF can be removed for testing or relief of pressure on the brain.

23. The Brain

24. The Brain Cerebellum Coordinates voluntary movements Maintains balance
What is the value of the ability to sense pain?

25. The Brain
Thalamus
Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain)

26. Hypothalamus
Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire, and emotions
Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland
Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
How do messages travel from one side of the brain to another?

27. The Brain The Brainstem Pons
Bridges cerebrum and cerebellum with rest of the brain
Houses nerves for face and eyes

28. The Brainstem Medulla oblongata Connects spinal cord to brain
Nerve tracts from side to side
Regulates:
Blood vessels
Heart
Respiratory system
How does the word “crossover” apply to a function of the medulla oblongata?

29. Pons and Medulla

30. Thyroid Gland

31. The Spinal Cord and Meninges
The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.
It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain.
The inner section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is gray matter.
The outer section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is white matter.
What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?

32. The spinal cord is the column of nervous tissue from the medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra.
It serves as a pathway for impulses to and from the brain.
The inner section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is gray matter.
The outer section of the cross-section of the spinal cord is white matter.
What is the difference between efferent and afferent neurons?

34. Meninges
Meninges
Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (channels blood to brain tissue)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.
Where are the layers of the meninges in the figure?

35. Meninges are the three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
What is the function of the outer dura mater? (channels blood to brain tissue)
What fluid lies between the arachnoid membrane and the subarachnoid space?
The inner pia mater offers a rich supply of blood vessels.

36. Meningitis

37. Combining Forms – p. 419 Cephal/o head Cerebr/o cerebrum
dur/o dura mater
Encephal/o brain
Gli/o glia (nervous tissue)

38. Combining Forms – p. 419 Mening/o meninges Meningi/o
Myel/o spinal cord
Neur/o nerve

39. Combining Forms
Deep sleep Feeling, nervous sensation (anesthesia without this feeling) movement
comat/o
esthesi/o,
esthesi/a
kines/o, -kinesia

40. Suffixes -paresis partial paralysis - hemiparesis -phasia speech
-plegia paralysis quadraplegia

41. Suffixes -asthenia weakness alges/o, algesia sensitivity to pain
Algia pain

42. QUICK QUIZ:
3. Which term means nerve pain? A. cephalgia B. analgesia C. hypalgesia D. neuralgia
CORRECT Answer is D, neuralgia

44. Pathologic Conditions
Hydrocephalus – abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain
Spina bifida
Spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta
How is hydrocephalus treated?
What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.

47. Spina Bifida
Spina bifida occulta is the most common and least severe spinal cord defect.
Incomplete closure of one or more vertebrae without protrusion of spinal cord or meninges. Spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin.

48. Spina Bifida Spina bifida cystica has two classifications:
Meningocele—sac contains only meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Meningomyelocele―sac contains meninges, CSF, and a portion of the spinal cord.

49. Meningomyelocele

50. Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease
Which conditions are movement related?
Which conditions are degenerative?

52. Bell Palsy

53. Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox?
What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated?
What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?

54. Shingles, also known as zoster or herpes zoster, is a painful skin rash caused by the same virus responsible for chicken pox: the varicella zoster virus. Even if you hadchicken pox in the past, you can still contract shingles

55. Brain Tumor
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and deadliest of malignantprimary brain tumors in adults and is one of a group of tumors referred to as gliomas. Classified as a Grade IV (most serious) astrocytoma, GBM develops from the lineage of star-shaped glial cells, called astrocytes, that support nerve cells.

56. Neoplastic Disorders

58. Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion:
Temporary brain dysfunction after injury, usually clears within 24 hours
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

59. Cerebral Contusion
Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head
Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours

60. CVA cerebral vascular accident –
Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain
Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries
Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

61. Vascular Disorders
There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic.
What is another name for CVA?
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

62. TIA

63. Clinical Procedures Cerebral angiography
X-ray Tests
Cerebral angiography
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
Myelography
Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?

64. Clinical Procedures MRI - Magnetic resonance Imaging
MRA - Magnetic resonance angiogram
PET - Positron emission scan
EEG - Electroencephalography

65. Lumbar Puncture (LP)
A needle is inserted in the spinal cord for removal of CSF.

66. MRA and MRI

67. MRI

68. CT Scan

69. PET scan reveals the cellular level metabolic changes occurring in an organ or tissue.

70. PET Scan - Positron Emission Tomography
The red color shows the highest level of glucose utilization, yellow represents less utilization and blue shows the least.

71. Abbreviations page 429 AD
ALS
Alzheimer disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Which items are disorders or injuries, and which are procedures?

72. Abbreviations – page 429 CNS central nervous system
CT computed tomography
CVA cerebrovascular accident
CSF cerebrospinal fluid

73. Abbreviations
EEG
ICP LP
Electroencephalogram intracranial pressure lumbar puncture
Which items are pathologies, and which are tests?
What is an EEG used to measure?

74. Abbreviations myasthenia gravis MG magnetic resonance angiography MRA
magnetic resonance imaging MG
MRA
MRI

75. Build Medical Terms pertaining to the cerebrum and spine:
incision of the cranium (skull):
crushing a nerve:
hernia(tion) of meninges and spinal cord:

76. Build Medical Terms
pertaining to the cerebrum and spine: cerebrospinal
incision of the cranium (skull): craniotomy
crushing a nerve: neurotripsy
hernia(tion) of meninges and spinal cord: meningomyelocele

77. Build Medical Terms inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord:
paralysis of four (limbs):
tumor of nerve, embryonic cell:

78. Build Medical Terms
inflammation of gray matter of spinal cord: poliomyelitis
paralysis of four (limbs): quadriplegia
tumor of nerve, embryonic cell: neuroblastoma

79. Build Medical Terms pertaining to the cerebrum:
condition of water in the head:
separation, destruction, or loosening of a nerve:

80. Build Medical Terms pertaining to the cerebrum: cerebral
condition of water in the head: hydrocephalus
separation, destruction, or loosening of a nerve: neurolysis

81. Craniotomy
Incision of the skull to gain access to the brain during neurological procedures.
Performed to control brain bleeds, relieve intracranial pressure (ICP), and remove brain tumors.

82. Pharmacology Anesthetics
Produce partial or complete loss of sensation, with or without loss of consciousness.
General anesthetics act on brain to produce complete loss of consciousness.
Local anesthetics act on nerves or nerve tracts to affect a local area only.

83. Pharmacology Anticonvulsants Antiparkinsonian agents
Prevent or reduce severity of epileptic or other convulsive seizures; also called antiepileptics.
Antiparkinsonian agents
Control tremors and muscle rigidity associated with Parkinson disease by increasing dopamine levels in the brain.

84. Pharmacology Antipsychotics
Alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of psychosis, paranoia, and schizophrenia.