Loss Control Programs OSHE 111, Fall 2016 Instructor: Mr. Chris Kuiper, CSP Phone:

Review: Workers’ Compensation Objectives Coverage: Differences by states Work-related impairment: Arising out of and in the course of employment Benefits –Income replacement –Medical benefits –Rehabilitation benefits Four types of disability Insurance and program management

Loss Control Programs Principles –The function of loss control is to identify and assess hazards and to establish preventive measures. –Four steps of accident prevention Anticipation Recognition/Identification Evaluation/Quantification Control

Occupational Hazards Multi-factorial –Human errors –Situational factors –Environmental factors –Organizational factors –Many others Loss control involves “looking for defects” –Easier to spot than successes, although there are more of the latter –On the other hand, the opposite of failure is not necessarily success.

Process of Loss Control 1.Determining accident causation (Recognition and Evaluation) 2.Ranking may be necessary 3.Management decision making 4.Establishing preventive and corrective measures 5.Monitoring 6.Evaluating program effectiveness

Step 1: Recognition and Evaluation Hazard and accident/incident –Definition Hazard: Any existing or potential condition that, by itself or interacting with other variables, can result in an accident. Accident: An unplanned or undesired event that can result in death, injury, property damage or environmental harm.

Understanding Hazards Existing or potential Acting alone, or in combination with other factors Safety hazards and health hazards

Effects of Hazards They results in accidents which –Interrupt operations –Increase time and labor necessary to do the job –Increase costs, both direct and indirect –Reduce effectiveness and efficiency

Hazard Control When it is not possible to eliminate a hazard, you should control the hazard using the following methods (in order): –Engineering controls –Administrative controls –Personal Protective Equipment

Hazard Control Applying this hierarchy is a systematic approach to identify the most effective method of risk reduction. You want to select the highest-level feasible control.

Hazard Control - Engineering If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible, engineering controls should be considered next. Engineering controls are physical changes to the work area or process that effectively minimize a worker's exposure to hazards.

Hazard Control - Engineering Enclosed Hazard –Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment. Isolate Hazard –Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding, welding curtains, and other mechanisms. Remove / Redirect Hazard –Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation. Redesign Workplace –Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries.

Question All of the following are examples of engineering controls except A.Adjustable workstation to accommodate various employee sizes. B. Elimination of lead-based paint. C. Installation of welding curtains during hot work. D. Installation of sound-dampening shields on noisy equipment

Engineering Control A.Adjustable workstation to accommodate various employee sizes. B. Elimination of lead-based paint. C. Installation of welding curtains during hot work. D. Installation of sound-dampening shields on noisy equipment

Hazard Control If engineering controls are not feasible you must then consider implementing administrative controls. Administrative controls –No physical changes –Limits daily exposure to hazards by Adjusting work tasks or schedules.

Hazard Control - Administrative Examples of administrative controls include: –Limited time exposure to hazards –Written operating procedures, –Work practices, and –Safety and health rules for employees.

Hazard Control - Administrative –Alarms, signs and warnings –Buddy system –Training –Stretching exercises and break policies

Hazard Control - PPE Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): –Used when hazards cannot be eliminated through engineering or administrative controls, –Must consider personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary for employee protection

Hazard Control - PPE According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable as a control method in the following situations: –Engineering controls do not eliminate hazard –While engineering controls are being developed –Administrative controls and safe work practices are not sufficient protection, and –During emergencies.

Hazard Control The most effective control measure is to address all three hazard control types. For example, consider an operation that generates silica dust. –A ventilation system may be installed to control dust (engineering control), –Employees are trained and a sign is posted to warn employees of dangers (administrative controls) and –Goggles are required to operate the equipment (personal protective equipment).

Hazard Control Scenario CKI Determines Hazard Control –CKI was awarded a contract to replace an exhaust fan on the roof of a high school. Bubba White sends a copy of the JHA that was developed for this task so that the Operations crew can review and develop the appropriate hazard controls. –The Operations Foreman, Jack Daniels, is particularly concerned about the fall protection for the roof where the work will be completed. He proceeds through the hierarchy of controls to ensure adequate protection to prevent falls.

Hazard Control Hazard Elimination. Can this work be done below 4 feet where fall protection would not be required? The Operations crew agreed that the work cannot be done below 4 feet, and therefore engineering controls must be considered. Engineering Controls. The Operations crew reviewed the roof area where the work will be conducted. There are no physical barriers such as railings at the roof's edge and it is not feasible to install them for this project alone. Administrative controls were then considered.

Hazard Control Administrative Controls. Fall protection warning lines could be installed 6 feet from the roof's edge to warn employees when they are close to it. Although this is not a physical barrier, employees will be warned of their proximity to the roof's edge. Additionally, one employee will be stationed near the warning line when work is being done close to it. Employees have been trained in safe work practices to prevent falls. Personal Protective Equipment. Some of the employees will work in an area with a roof skylight that is not guarded with railings. These workers will be instructed to wear personal fall arrest equipment and lifelines attached to an appropriate anchor point.

Preventive Maintenance Equipment breakdown may cause hazards. For example, –A pump fails during the process of delivering hazardous materials through a production facility –The best way to prevent breakdowns or failures is to monitor and maintain equipment regularly. Determine what hazards could occur if your equipment is not maintained properly and plan to detect failures before they occur.

Occupational Health Program An occupational health program allows you to respond effectively to workplace injuries and illnesses and to monitor potential health problems. Medical Services & First Aid –You must make available physician services, first aid and CPR to your employees. This does not mean that you must provide health care, but you are expected to get medical help when medical conditions arise from work- related events.

Occupational Health Program Medical Screening –Some OSHA standards require medical screening of employees. Medical screening monitors if exposure to a hazard leads to a potential decline in health. –An example is exposure to noise and the Hearing Conservation Program.

Occupational Health Program Employee Medical Records –The maintenance and confidentiality of employee medical records are crucial. –According to OSHA, you must maintain an employee's medical records for the duration of employment plus 30 years. –Records include employment medical questionnaires or histories, results of laboratory tests or medical screening, or physicians' opinions from work-related injuries or illnesses. –Develop a system to maintain these records and to ensure that they are kept in confidence.

Occupational Health Program For more information on employee medical records, see the OSHA standard Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records (29 CFR ).

Occupational Health Program Wellness Program –In your occupational health program, consider including health and wellness programs for your employees. –Smoking cessation programs, diet and nutrition education, and physical fitness programs are examples of programs that encourage employees to lead a healthy lifestyle, which helps them be healthy for work

Emergency Planning Effective planning for emergencies and non-routine events is another mechanism of controlling hazards and avoiding employee injuries.

Emergency Planning Written Emergency Plan –Determine the actions that employees will take in the event of a fire, chemical release or natural disaster. –Keep in mind those employees with disabilities, language barriers and limited literacy. –Develop the written plan and train employees before an emergency. Don't forget unexpected events such as terrorist acts or workplace violence. –List emergency contacts and ensure the document is updated regularly to reflect current personnel. You can find a template for writing Emergency Action and Fire Prevention Plans on Department of Labor’s website.

Emergency Planning Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers –Install emergency eyewash and safety showers where chemicals are used or stored to provide quick flushing if an employee is exposed to the chemical. –Pay close attention to areas such as battery charging stations, maintenance operations, and laboratories where corrosive materials are often used and require prompt flushing to prevent significant skin or eye damage.

Emergency Planning Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers –Include these units in your preventive maintenance program. It's important to inspect and flush the units regularly to verify operation and to ensure the water lines are clear of debris prior to emergency use.

Emergency Planning Emergency Drills –Practice the elements of your emergency action plan by conducting regular fire and/or natural disasters drills. –Ensure that employees know how to evacuate buildings, where to take shelter and who will take headcounts.

Emergency Planning Emergency Contacts –Post emergency numbers at centrally located bulletin boards and update the list regularly to reflect current personnel. –Ensure that employees who will operate critical equipment following an emergency are properly trained.

Emergency Planning Local Emergency Responders –Coordinate your emergency planning with the local emergency responders, such as the fire department and/or hazardous materials teams. –Invite them to your facility to teach them your specific worksite hazards and to improve the emergency response time.

Management Support Coordinates loss control program Same methods used for loss control that are used for other aspects of the job, including cost, productivity, and quality, etc. Sets the tone for operations

Hazard Control Is a Team Effort Engineering: Design facilities and processes free of uncontrolled hazards Manufacturing: Use procedures and methods that are safe Quality control: Test and inspect all materials Purchasing: Ensure materials and equipment entering workplace meet safety and health standards Maintenance: Keep equipment in good operating condition Industrial relations: Assure personnel have knowledge and skills to do the job

Worker-Equipment-Environment System Worker –Provides sensing –Performs information processing –Performs controlling functions Equipment –Design –Maintenance –Use Environment –Comfort –Health –Safety

Identification Sources of information –Organizations who are already familiar with the problems –Previous inspection, investigation reports, etc. –OSHA incidence rates –Hazard analyses: Forces us to view each operation as part of the larger system

Evaluation Basic questions –What? –Where? –How much? Involves quantification –Frequency –Duration –Numbers

Inspection and Audit Before the fact –Systematically identify and evaluate the nature of undesired events in a system –Many formal identification and evaluation techniques are available to use Critical Incident Technique Safety Sampling Many others

Investigation After the fact –Provide information regarding loss control from accident investigation –Often used only after a serious accident has resulted in injury, damage or system failure

Step 2: Ranking A means of establishing priorities –Eliminating most serious problems first –Allocation of limited sources –Minimizing the risks

Ranking Considerations Probability (1 means the least and 3 the most) 1.Low 2.Moderate 3.High Severity (1 means the least and 4 the most) 1.Negligible 2.Marginal 3.Critical 4.Catastrophic Exposure (1 means the least and 3 the most) 1.Few workers perform the task a few times 2.Few workers perform the task frequently 3.Many workers perform the task frequently

Step 3: Management Decision Making Three possibilities –Take no action –Modify the workplace or its components –Redesign the workplace or its components If management decides not to take action, there may be reasons –Constraints, including financial, schedule, limited personnel, etc. –Limited alternatives with less than likely chance for success –Does not agree that a hazard exists Management must make a decision, however, regardless of the direction.

Step 4: Establishing Preventive and Corrective Measures Usually three areas where hazards can be controlled –Source –Path –Receiver Types of controls –Engineering –Administrative –Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Priorities of Controls 1.Eliminate the hazard 2.Reduce the hazard level 3.Provide safety devices 4.Provide warnings 5.Provide safety procedures and protective equipment A.Design for minimum risk B.Incorporate safety devices C.Provide warning devices D.Develop operating procedures and training programs E.Use PPE Brauer, Roger L. (2006) Safety and Health for Engineers, 2 nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Hagan, Philip E., Montgomery, John F., O’Reilly, James T. (2001) Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry: Engineering & Technology, 12 th Edition. National Safety Council, Itasca, Illinois.

Control Examples Redesign, change, or substitute equipment to remove the source of excessive temperature, noise, or pressure Redesign a process to use a less toxic chemicals Redesign a workstation to relieve physical stress and remove ergonomic hazards Work practices and procedures training and modification Redesign work organization structure

Step 5: Monitoring and Step 6: Evaluating Program Effectiveness First-line supervisors are the key. To be most effective, safety and health must be balanced with, and incorporated into, the other core business processes. Safety must become a basic value of the company. Change Safety First to Safe production is our only standard.

Organizing Loss Control Program Establish and communicate a clear goal and objective State clearly a worksite safety and health policy Assign and communicate responsibilities for different personnel

Responsibility Hold managers, supervisors, and employees accountable for meeting their responsibilities –Provide visible top management involvement in implementing the program –Provide adequate authority and resources to responsible parties –Encourage employee involvement in the program and in decisions that affect their safety and health

Employee Involvement Employees are the ones in contact with existing or potential hazards and will have a vested interest. Group decisions have the advantage of wider fields of experience. Employees are more likely to support and apply programs in which they had input. Employees who are encouraged to provide ideas and whose contributions are taken seriously are more satisfied and productive.