1. Safety & Health Management System Training
Lesson 4 – Hazard Prevention & Control

2. Safety Health Management System (SHMS) Webinar Series
In this series of webinars developed under the Susan Harwood Grant, you will learn:
Lesson 1 - OSHA and the Importance of Having a Safety Health Management System (SHMS)
Lesson 2 – Management Commitment & Leadership
Lesson 3 – Worksite Analysis
Lesson 4 – Hazard Prevention & Control
Lesson 5 – Safety & Health Training

3. Lesson 4 Contents Objectives Hazard Controls Preventive Maintenance
Managing Change
Occupational Health Program
Emergency Planning
Contractor Safety
Management Review

4. Objectives Learn to implement systems to eliminate or prevent hazards.
Learn about different types of hazard controls:
Preventive maintenance and managing change
Emergency planning, occupational health programs, and contractor safety
Reminder: Hazard Prevention and Control is one of the four major components of an SHMS.

5. Hazard Control
Some control measures are more effective than others at reducing the hazard.
Be aware of the different types of controls available and the benefits and limitations of each.
Each of the SHMS models introduced in Lesson 1 require the implementation and maintenance of hazard controls for risk reduction.

6. Hazard Control
The first consideration for controlling hazards is to eliminate the hazard or substitute a less hazardous material or process.
An example of this method is utilizing a water-based paint rather than a solvent-based paint.
This control measure minimizes flammable vapors as well as eliminates health concerns associated with solvent-based paints.

7. Hazard Control
When it is not possible to eliminate a hazard, you should control the hazard using the following methods (in order):
Engineering controls
Administrative controls
Personal Protective Equipment

8. Hazard Control
Applying this hierarchy is a systematic approach to identify the most effective method of risk reduction. You want to select the highest-level feasible control.

9. Hazard Control - Engineering
If hazard elimination or substitution is not feasible, engineering controls should be considered next.
Engineering controls are physical changes to the work area or process that effectively minimize a worker's exposure to hazards.

10. Hazard Control - Engineering
Enclosed Hazard
Enclosure of the hazard, such as enclosures for noisy equipment.
Isolate Hazard
Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine guarding, welding curtains, and other mechanisms.
Remove / Redirect Hazard
Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with local and exhaust ventilation.
Redesign Workplace
Redesign of workstation to minimize ergonomic injuries.

11. Poll Question #1 #1 POLL QUESTION
All of the following are examples of engineering controls except
A. adjustable workstation to accommodate various employee sizes. B. elimination of lead-based paint. C. installation of welding curtains during hot work. D. installation of sound-dampening shields on noisy equipment
B is Correct - This is an example of hazard elimination, and therefore engineering controls may not be necessary

12. Hazard Control
If engineering controls are not feasible you must then consider implementing administrative controls.
Administrative controls
No physical changes
Limits daily exposure to hazards by
Adjusting work tasks or schedules.
If engineering controls are not feasible or do not provide adequate control of the identified hazard, you must then consider implementing administrative controls.

13. Hazard Control - Administrative
Examples of administrative controls include:
Limited time exposure to hazards
Written operating procedures,
Work practices, and
Safety and health rules for employees.
Examples of administrative controls include:
Limited time exposure to hazards such as noise, radiation, temperature or repetitive motion (an ergonomic hazard).
Written operating procedures, work practices, and safety and health rules that employees must follow to complete the job safely, such as a company policy on the safe lifting of loads.

14. Hazard Control - Administrative
Alarms, signs and warnings
Buddy system
Training
Stretching exercises and break policies

15. Poll Question #2 #2 POLL QUESTION
Which of the following is an example of an administrative control?
A. Rotating jobs to minimize exposure to noise. B. Enclosing loud equipment to reduce noise exposure. C. Training employees to properly wear hearing protection to minimize noise exposure. D. A and C, only.
D is Correct - A and C are both examples of administrative controls

16. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Hazard Control - PPE
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Used when hazards cannot be eliminated through engineering or administrative controls,
Must consider personal protective equipment (PPE) necessary for employee protection
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
If the hazards cannot be eliminated or minimized with the previous two types of controls, you must then consider the personal protective equipment necessary to protect your employees from the hazard.

17. Poll Question #3 #3 POLL QUESTION
Which of the following statements is true?
A. PPE is the lowest level of hazard control. B. PPE may be used with engineering and administrative controls for the most effective control measures. C. PPE is considered first when implementing hazard controls. D. A and B, only

18. Hazard Control - PPE
According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable as a control method in the following situations:
Engineering controls do not eliminate hazard
While engineering controls are being developed
Administrative controls and safe work practices are not sufficient protection, and
During emergencies.
According to OSHA, PPE is acceptable as a control method in the following situations:
When engineering controls are not feasible or do not completely eliminate the hazard
While engineering controls are being developed
When administrative controls and safe work practices do not provide sufficient protection, and
During emergencies when engineering controls may not be available or feasible for use.

19. Hazard Control
The most effective control measure = all three hazard control types.
For example, consider an operation that generates silica dust.
A ventilation system may be installed to control dust (engineering control),
Employees are trained and a sign is posted to warn employees of dangers (administrative controls) and
Goggles are required to operate the equipment (personal protective equipment).

20. Hazard Control Scenario CHC Determines Hazard Control
CHC was awarded a contract to replace an exhaust fan on the roof of a high school. Mary White sends a copy of the JHA that was developed for this task (see Lesson 3) so that the Operations crew can review and develop the appropriate hazard controls.
The Operations Foreman, Jack McDonald, is particularly concerned about the fall protection for the roof where the work will be completed. He proceeds through the hierarchy of controls to ensure adequate protection to prevent falls.

21. Hazard Control
Hazard Elimination. Can this work be done below 4 feet where fall protection would not be required? The Operations crew agreed that the work cannot be done below 4 feet, and therefore engineering controls must be considered.
Engineering Controls. The Operations crew reviewed the roof area where the work will be conducted. There are no physical barriers such as railings at the roof's edge and it is not feasible to install them for this project alone. Administrative controls were then considered.

22. Hazard Control
Administrative Controls. Fall protection warning lines could be installed 6 feet from the roof's edge to warn employees when they are close to it. Although this is not a physical barrier, employees will be warned of their proximity to the roof's edge. Additionally, one employee will be stationed near the warning line when work is being done close to it. Employees have been trained in safe work practices to prevent falls.
Personal Protective Equipment. Some of the employees will work in an area with a roof skylight that is not guarded with railings. These workers will be instructed to wear personal fall arrest equipment and lifelines attached to an appropriate anchor point.

23. Preventive Maintenance
A breakdown of equipment in your facility may cause hazards.
For example,
A pump that fails during the process of delivering hazardous materials through your production facility may create a hazardous condition.
The best way to prevent breakdowns or failures is to monitor and maintain your equipment regularly. Determine what hazards could occur if your equipment is not maintained properly and plan to detect failures before they occur.

24. Preventive Maintenance
Implement a written preventive maintenance program,
Safety Equipment Examples - A confined space entry gas monitor
Determine the intervals of required maintenance on your equipment
To ensure your equipment is safe, implement a written preventive maintenance program, which consists of a schedule of routine maintenance and monitoring. Include both safety and non-safety equipment in your program.
Safety Equipment Examples. A confined space entry gas monitor requires regular calibration to ensure that it can effectively detect the gases in the atmosphere.
Determine the intervals required to maintain your equipment operational based on the manufacturer's recommendation as well as your experience with the equipment and good management practices.

25. Preventive Maintenance
Non-Safety Equipment Example.
Forklifts in your facility have daily and annual inspection requirements. If there is any deterioration in the hydraulic cylinders or tires the capacity rating reduces and there may be a failure during a lift. Establish a regular inspection on a preventive maintenance schedule to keep these devices operating safely.

26. Preventive Maintenance
When developing systems, be sure to include one for Disciplinary actions that cover all (employees, and contractors)
Ensure that it is applied consistently
Hazard Correction tracking –hazards that have been identified must be tracked in order to eliminate and implement controls

27. Poll Question #4 #4 POLL QUESTION
Which of the following is an example of a preventive maintenance program?
A. Conducting emergency action plan training for severe weather B. Regularly inspecting electrical panels to determine proper wiring C. Replacing pressure relief valves on hazardous material tanks according to the manufacturer's recommendations D. B and C, only
D is Correct - These two items are examples of a preventive maintenance program

28. Manage Change
A management of change program ensures that any modifications or additions to your equipment or processes are understood and controlled, and includes:
Updating relevant building or equipment drawings,
Modifying safety procedures, and
Training employees on the changes.

29. Manage Change
Such a program is required for processes that utilize highly hazardous chemicals that are subject to the OSHA Process Safety Management program (29 CFR ).
However, this program is beneficial for all changes in your business, even if OSHA doesn't require it.

30. Manage Change Conduct an analysis of new equipment and processes
Develop a system to conduct:
Comprehensive survey,
JHA, or
Other worksite analysis technique on new equipment or processes
Implement appropriate controls before being placed into service
Conduct an analysis of new equipment and processes to ensure that potential hazards introduced are appropriately prevented or controlled
Develop a system to conduct a comprehensive survey, JHA, or other worksite analysis technique on new equipment or processes
Implement appropriate controls before being placed into service

31. Manage Change
Example - Suppose your business introduces a new raw material into the production process. You must consider the following:
How the material will be stored and handled
What PPE may be required if engineering or administrative controls are not effective at controlling exposures
If appropriate eyewash and safety showers are available, and
How to train your employees..

32. Occupational Health Program
An occupational health program allows you to respond effectively to workplace injuries and illnesses and to monitor potential health problems.
Medical Services & First Aid
You must make available physician services, first aid and CPR to your employees. This does not mean that you must provide health care, but you are expected to get medical help when medical conditions arise from work-related events.

33. Occupational Health Program
Medical Screening
Some OSHA standards require medical screening of employees. Medical screening monitors if exposure to a hazard leads to a potential decline in health.
An example is exposure to noise and the Hearing Conservation Program.

34. Occupational Health Program
Employee Medical Records
The maintenance and confidentiality of employee medical records are crucial.
According to OSHA, you must maintain an employee's medical records for the duration of employment plus 30 years.
Records include employment medical questionnaires or histories, results of laboratory tests or medical screening, or physicians' opinions from work-related injuries or illnesses.
Develop a system to maintain these records and to ensure that they are kept in confidence.

35. Occupational Health Program
For more information on employee medical records, see the OSHA standard Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records (29 CFR ).

36. Occupational Health Program
Wellness Program
In your occupational health program, consider including health and wellness programs for your employees.
Smoking cessation programs, diet and nutrition education, and physical fitness programs are examples of programs that encourage employees to lead a healthy lifestyle, which helps them be healthy for work

37. Poll Question #5 #5 POLL QUESTION
Which of the following elements of an occupational health program does OSHA not require?
A. Maintenance and confidentiality of employee medical records B. Access to medical services and first aid C. Health and wellness program D. Medical screening for some OSHA standards
C is Correct - While OSHA does not require a health and wellness program, it is certainly beneficial to the overall health of your employees

38. Emergency Planning
Effective planning for emergencies and non-routine events is another mechanism of controlling hazards and avoiding employee injuries. You have already learned about the legal requirements for emergency planning.

39. Emergency Planning Written Emergency Plan
Determine the actions that employees will take in the event of a fire, chemical release or natural disaster.
Keep in mind those employees with disabilities, language barriers and limited literacy.
Develop the written plan and train your employees prior to an emergency. Don't forget unexpected events such as terrorist acts or workplace violence.
List emergency contacts and ensure the document is updated regularly to reflect current personnel. You can find a template for writing Emergency Action and Fire Prevention Plans on Department of Labor’s website.

40. Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
Emergency Planning
Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
Install emergency eyewash and safety showers where chemicals are used or stored to provide quick flushing if an employee is exposed to the chemical.
Pay close attention to areas such as battery charging stations, maintenance operations, and laboratories where corrosive materials are often used and require prompt flushing to prevent significant skin or eye damage.

41. Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
Emergency Planning
Emergency Eyewash and Safety Showers
Include these units in your preventive maintenance program. It's important to inspect and flush the units regularly to verify operation and to ensure the water lines are clear of debris prior to emergency use.

42. Emergency Drills Emergency Planning
Practice the elements of your emergency action plan by conducting regular fire and/or natural disasters drills.
Ensure that employees know how to evacuate buildings, where to take shelter and who will take headcounts.

43. Emergency Planning Emergency Contacts
Post emergency numbers at centrally located bulletin boards and update the list regularly to reflect current personnel.
Ensure that employees who will operate critical equipment following an emergency are properly trained.

44. Local Emergency Responders
Emergency Planning
Local Emergency Responders
Coordinate your emergency planning with the local emergency responders, such as the fire department and/or hazardous materials teams.
Invite them to your facility to teach them your specific worksite hazards and to improve the emergency response time.

45. Contractor Safety
Most companies hire contractors at some time to perform specific tasks for which their own employees may not have the time or expertise.
It is in your best interest to ensure that contractors at your worksite(s) are appropriately trained and follow all safe work practices.

46. Contractor Safety Selection Criteria
Establish selection criteria for hiring contractors.
Consider the contractor's past performance in safety and health during the bid process.
This may include requesting data from their OSHA 300 Log for several years.
Ensure that contractors have an effective safety and health management program in place prior to entering your worksite.

47. Contractor Safety Oversight
Establish oversight, coordination and enforcement to ensure the contractor safety and health program is adequate and implemented properly.
Verify that contractors comply with applicable safety and health regulations by conducting regular inspections of the area where the contractors are working.

48. Establishment of Procedures
Contractor Safety
Establishment of Procedures
Develop appropriate entry and exit procedures for the contractors.
If cigarette smoking is allowed on your worksite, establish safe locations for contract employees to smoke, keeping away from storage of flammable or dust-explosive materials.

49. Contractor Safety Prompt Control of Hazards
Ensure prompt correction and/or control of any hazards that are identified under the contractor's control.
Consider penalties such as contractor correction and/or contractor dismissal for repeated noncompliance by contractors, vendors or individuals.

50. Injury & Illness Reporting
Contractor Safety
Injury & Illness Reporting
Develop a system so that all injuries and illnesses that occur during work performed on a contract are reported to you or someone in your company.

51. Poll Question #6 #6 POLL QUESTION
Which of the following statements is true?
A. It is unimportant to review the safety and health performance of contractors at your facility. B. Reviewing the safety and health performance of contractors helps you to ensure that all work at your facility is done safely. C. Contractors are not required to follow applicable OSHA regulations

52. Contractor Safety – Exercise 1
CHC Selects a Crane Contractor
Instructions: Evaluate the following data submitted from three different crane contractors.
Each contractor has approximately the same number of employees.
Based on their safety performance alone, which contractor would you select?

53. Contractor Safety – Exercise 1
Company
# of Injuries
(Last 3 Years)(a)
SHMS in Place?
Employee
S&H Training
Required? A 8 No B 1
Yes C 3
ANSWER:
Company B offers the most opportunity for safe working conditions.
While Company C has reported fewer injuries than Company A, the lack of safety and health training in Company C indicates that perhaps its fewer injuries are due to luck rather than an effective SHMS
(a) Injuries that company recorded on OSHA 300 Log.

54. Contractor Safety – Scenario
CHC’s Welding Contractor
CHC hired a contractor to assist with welding operations while installing an exhaust fan on the roof of the high school.
Mark Rebell was walking the job site when he noticed the welding contractor did not enclose the welding area, where practical, with appropriate welding curtains and did not have a fire extinguisher nearby during the welding operation.
Although no one was injured and there was no building damage, this action clearly violated the standard CHC safe practice

55. Contractor Safety – Scenario
Mark immediately notified the CHC Operations Foreman. Together, they told the workers of the welding contractor to halt the work.
Then, they called the Foreman of the welding contractor to discuss the correct and safe work practices.
CHC wrote a Near-Miss Report to document the action and reviewed the corrective actions with the welding contractor.

56. Contractor Safety – Scenario
The welding contractor was told that if another unsafe act was observed, CHC would remove his workers from the job site and his company would be removed from the list of approved contractors.
If the contractor had violated a safety rule that had the potential to cause death or serious physical harm, he would not have been given another chance and would have been removed from the site immediately.

57. Conclusion
This is the end of Lesson 4, please take the post-test and complete the lesson evaluation form.
Sign up for Lesson 5 or any other sessions.
In order to get your certificate of completion for this series, you must complete all 5 lessons.

58. This course, funded by an OSHA-sponsored Susan Harwood grant, is designed to assist small and medium sized businesses in developing and implementing an effective safety and health management system.
This material was produced under grant SH F-24 from the Occupational Safety Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.