0 GLOBALIZATION AND THE WORLD FOOD ECONOMY 0 Food webs Global commodity chains Hourglass economy Virtual water Chocolate!

11 Top of the Food Chain

2 Global Commodity Chains Suppliers & distributors: cost tracking, supply chain risk analysis Government: protecting public health Geographers: spatialization of production Environmental studies: shadow ecologies Activists: uncovering hidden injustice 2

3 Globalization’s Effects on Food Supply Chains More centralized purchasing of major raw materials and inputs Major emphasis on cost cutting, supply chain efficiency, economies of scale Key suppliers follow top retailers into key markets “Walmart effect” Centralization of power & wealth Homogenization of food standards & practices 3

44 Concentration of power & wealth: the hourglass Source: Patel, 13

55 Dividing the yield

66 Commodity Chain for Annie’s Mac-n-Cheese

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9POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

10POL S 333 ~ Lec 6 Irrigation in Australia

11POL S 333 ~ Lec 6 Drought in Australia

12Lec 7 ~ POL S Water Intensity

13Source: waterfootprint.org13 Global Water Footprint POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

14 You drink what you eat Beef (1 pound) = 1,857 gallons H2O Pork (1 pound) = 756 gallons Chicken (1 pound) = 469 gallons Sausage (1 pound) = 1,382 gallons POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

15 Drink your veggies! (by the pound) Avocados = 154 gallons of water Corn = 109 gallons Beans = 43 gallons Potatoes = 31 gallons Eggplant = 25 gallons POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

16 Why not drink a glass of water? Milk (1 glass) = 53 gallons of water Coffee (1 cup) = 37 gallons Wine (1 glass) = 32 gallons Beer (1 glass) = 20 gallons Tea (1 cup) = 9 gallons POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

17Lec 7 ~ POL S Food trade as virtual water flows POL S 333 ~ Lec 6

18 Regional virtual water flows via agricultural trade

How chocolate becomes chocolate

Theobroma Cacao Aztec “food of the gods 45 countries produce cocoa/cacao - 8 produce 90% Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia, Nigeria, Brazil, Cameroon, Ecuador, Malaysia Top chocolate manufacturers Mars Inc. (USA), Cadbury Scwepes (UK), Nestle SA (Switzerland), Ferrero SpA (Italy), Hershey Foods Corp (USA)

Chocolate: Shade Grown

Chocolate: Fair Trade No child labor Health and safety requirements Minimum wage Collective bargaining rights “Joint body” decides how premiums are distributed to benefit workers