Biological Macromolecules SC.912.L.18.1-

Macromolecules monomer monomer monomer

Polymers Lipids are not considered a polymer Macromolecules are made of polymers which are made of smaller parts called monomers What are the monomers for each Macromolecule? Carbohydrates (polysacharride) (polymer) Monoscacharrides are the monomers for carbohydrates Proteins (polymer) Amino acids are the monomers for Proteins (polypeptides) Nucleic Acids (polymer) DNA nucleotides are the monomers for DNA RNA nucleotides are the monomers for RNA Lipids are not considered a polymer

Carbohydrates C6H12O6 Building Blocks Components: Functions: Composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O) in a 1:2:1 ratio Components: Monosaccharides are the monomer Glucose Galactose Fructose Functions: Main source of QUICK energy for living things (Monosaccharides) Energy Storage– (polysaccharides) in animals glycogen is stored in the liver in plants, starch is stored in the ROOTS Structural– to build cell walls cellulose (plants) chitin (fungi) C6H12O6 The smaller units, or monomers, joins together to form polymers. These three polysaccharides are polymers of carbohydrates and are all made of glucose, a monosaccharide. The glucose is just arranged differently

Carbohydrates

Lipids Building Blocks: Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen atoms, little oxygen Components (classes of lipids): A fat molecule consists of 3 fatty acids joined to a molecule of glycerol Phospholipids in cell membranes are made of a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains Steroids – 4 fused rings Functions and Examples: LONG-term Energy storage molecules—Fats Cell Membranes– in EVERY organism– phospholipids Water-proofing– cuticle keeps water in and protects plant against infection; LIPIDS REPEL WATER (hydrophobic)! Steroid Hormone (testosterone/Estrogen)

Proteins Building Blocks: Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and NITROGEN (N). Components: The monomer is the amino acid. Remember, the ribosome is where amino acids are assembled into PROTEINS or polypeptides. VERY IMPORTANT FACT: The SHAPE of a protein is what allows it to do its job. LOCK AND KEY MODEL– if the shape changes even slightly, the protein may not be able to do its job Most diverse macromolecule – it does a lot of different things

Proteins Functions and Examples: Speed up reactions-- ENZYMES Regulate cell processes--HORMONES Form bones and muscles— COLLAGEN, ACTIN, AND MYOSIN Transport substances into or out of cells– PROTEINS IN THE CELL MEMBRANE Carrier and Channel proteins Gas transport: Hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells transport oxygen (O2) to tissues. Help to fight disease-- ANTIBODIES

Nucleic Acids Building Blocks: Function: Components: Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and PHOSPHORUS (P). Examples: There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Function: Nucleic acids Store genetic information Transmit hereditary, or genetic information to offspring (DNA) Transfer genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (RNA) Components: The monomer is the nucleotide. Nucleotides consist of three parts: Phosphate group Sugar (deoxyribose (DNA) or ribose (RNA)) Nitrogenous base (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)) STAYS IN NUCLEUS LEAVES NUCLEUS