Quote Analysis "So avoid using the word 'very' because it’s lazy. A man is not very tired, he is exhausted. Don't use very sad, use morose. Language was invented for one reason, boys - to woo women - and, in that endeavor, laziness will not do. It also won't do in your essays."-John Keating, Dead Poet’s Society

The Enlightenment

Influences of the Enlightenment Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France. Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas. The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

Thomas Hobbes Wrote Leviathan – People are terrible in nature – Need a “social contract” or an agreement to give up freedom for an organized society – Only a powerful government could control people Absolute monarchy

Thomas Hobbes Summarize Hobbes’ Philosophy – Leviathan – Humans are constantly in a “state of nature” – Humans consent to gov’t for protection

John Locke Humans are nice in nature, and have natural rights – Life, Liberty and Property The gov’t exists to protect these rights – Gov’t had limited power

John Locke Put Locke’s Philosophy in your own words – Two Treatises on Gov’t – People are sovereign and look to gov’t to protect their natural rights Life, liberty and property

Montesquieu Philosophes- Studied gov’ts of Europe and Chinese and Native American cultures – Criticized absolute monarchs The Spirit of the Laws – Governments should be divided into 3 branches – Each should check the others

Voltaire Used his writing to target corruption and idle aristocrats Religious toleration over fanaticism Separation of Church and State

Rousseau 1762, The Social Contract – People are naturally good, society corrupts them Distribution of property, wealth – Some control is necessary, only enforced by gov’ts who are freely elected Gov’t is a contract between rulers and people

Summarize this person’s view Separation of Church and State/religious toleration Gov’t is a contract Separation of powers

Women “Free and Equal” applies to… – Philosophes thought women had rights in the home and family Mary Wollstonecraft-A Vindication of the Rights of Women – Equal education means equality in society

Economics Mercantilists Favor gov’t regulation Wealth building through trade Physiocrats Oppose gov’t regulation Believed in wealth through land productivity

Laissez Faire Policy allowing businesses to operate with little to no gov’t involvement Physiocrats focused on economic reform – French thinkers Scottish Economist Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations – Free market and Gov’t involvement

Review The condition of Man...is a condition of Warre of every one against every one. Hobbes, Thomas. Leviathan. Oxford at the Clarendon Press

Review “The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but to have only the law of nature for his rule. Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Civil Government. 1690

Revolution How do these ideas lead to revolution?