Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South. Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress. Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment. Objectives

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Chapter 5 Section 1

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South for slavery and the war itself. Both Lincoln and Johnson wanted the southern states to be brought back into the Union quickly, using less punitive measures. The issues and results of Reconstruction had consequences for generations to come.

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction When the war ended, the South was in ruins. homes were burned businesses closed properties abandoned freed African Americans lacked full citizenship and the means to make a living

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction to help the South rejoin the Union to rebuild the South’s shattered economy to create laws to protect freed African Americans A plan of Reconstruction for the South was formed.

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction To many Americans, the most important issue was deciding the fate of the Confederate states. Try Confederate leaders for treason. Pardon Confederate leaders to begin healing immediately. The President should lead the process. Congress should lead Reconstruction. States should satisfy certain stipulations before rejoining. States should be allowed to rejoin with as few conditions as possible. There were conflicting opinions.

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction With the South’s economy destroyed, land became the most valuable asset; who should control it was hotly debated. Some northerners proposed the federal government should redistribute the land to former slaves. The plan sought to revitalize the South’s economy and provide income for African Americans. Southern landowners fought government redistribution of their land. Many northerners felt the confiscation of property violated the Constitution. Forty acres and a mule

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction African Americans were free from slavery but their rights were not guaranteed. did not have access to education could not vote did not have full citizenship

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln and the Radical Republicans in Congress were at odds in their proposals to rebuild the South. Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanWade-Davis Bill 10 percent of state’s voters needed to take a loyalty oath a state’s new constitution must have abolished slavery required a majority of state’s prewar voters swear loyalty to the Union required guarantees of African American equality vetoed by Congress passed by Congress, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Lincoln and the Radical Republicans agreed to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau. The newly- formed organization helped feed, clothe, and educate blacks and whites in the South.

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction He pardoned those who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution. Each Southern state needed to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment. After Lincoln’s death, President Andrew Johnson wanted to restore the status of the southern states.

Johnson’ Plan May 1865, Johnson issued Proclamation of Amnesty–pardon and return the property of all former Confederate citizens that took oath of loyalty to the Union May 1865, Johnson issued Proclamation of Amnesty–pardon and return the property of all former Confederate citizens that took oath of loyalty to the Union –Excluded from pardon former Confederate officers & officials and people that owned property worth more than $20,000 –Those excluded would apply to the president individually for a pardon Each former Confed state had to call a constitutional convention to revoke secession and pass the 13 th amendment Each former Confed state had to call a constitutional convention to revoke secession and pass the 13 th amendment

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction By December 1865, most southern states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union. All southern states instituted black codes. Many states specifically limited the vote to white men. Some states reelected Confederate officials to Congress During the required state conventions, however, southern states tried to rebuild their prewar world.

Black Codes New Southern legislatures passed a series of laws called Black Codes New Southern legislatures passed a series of laws called Black Codes –Intended to keep in conditions similar to slavery –Required to enter into annual labor contracts –Children had to accept apprenticeships and could be beaten or whipped while serving –Specific work hours set –Required to get licenses to work in nonagricultural jobs

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Newly arriving southern state representatives were not seated. A committee was created to investigate how former slaves were being treated. Political tensions boiled up in Congress.

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction The South’s disregard of Reconstruction efforts angered moderates and Radical Republicans. the Civil Rights Act of the Fourteenth Amendment. the division of the South into five military districts. In response, Congress passed new legislation over President Johnson’s veto. The legislation included:

Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted citizenship to all person’s born in US except for Native Americans Civil Rights Act of 1866: granted citizenship to all person’s born in US except for Native Americans –Allowed African Americans to own property –Were to be treated equal in court –Gave federal govt power to sue people that violated these rights Fourteenth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment –Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in US –No state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law –Declared that no state could deny any person equal protection of the laws

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Confederate officials could not hold federal or state offices Equality under the law for all citizens States that refused to allow black people to vote would risk losing seats in the House of Representatives The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868

Military Reconstruction Military Reconstruction Act: Military Reconstruction Act: –Wiped out Johnson’s program –Divided former Confederate states- except Tennessee- into 5 military districts –A Union general was put in charge of each district

Radicals had enough votes to override any veto of their policies Radicals had enough votes to override any veto of their policies Johnson could still interfere by refusing to enforce laws they passed Johnson could still interfere by refusing to enforce laws they passed Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, agreed with Republican program and would enforce it Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, agreed with Republican program and would enforce it Congress passed Tenure of Office Act– required Senate to approve the removal of any govt official whose appointment required Senate’s consent Congress passed Tenure of Office Act– required Senate to approve the removal of any govt official whose appointment required Senate’s consent Johnson fired Stanton to challenge Tenure of Office Act Johnson fired Stanton to challenge Tenure of Office Act

House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, main charge was that he refused to uphold the Tenure of Office Act House of Representatives voted to impeach Johnson, main charge was that he refused to uphold the Tenure of Office Act Vote next went to Senate, if 2/3 found him guilty he would be removed from office Vote next went to Senate, if 2/3 found him guilty he would be removed from office Senate voted 35 to 19 that Johnson was guilty. 1 vote short of 2/3 majority Senate voted 35 to 19 that Johnson was guilty. 1 vote short of 2/3 majority

Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 Rival Plans for Reconstruction Under a new President, Ulysses S. Grant, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment. No citizen can be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” The Fifteenth Amendment, 1870