* At the beginning of the 1300’s the Age of Faith was still rolling * Soon both the Pope and the Church were in trouble

* Obvious dilemma in the early 1300s * Pope Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings * King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French bishops * Boniface responded w/ a “papal bull” * Kings must always obey the popes

* Ignores the bull * Philip takes Boniface prisoner * Pope is rescued, but dies 1 month later * Last time a pope is a able to force monarchs to obey him

* Great Schism * In 1305, Philip IV persuades the College of Cardinals to select a French archbishop as a new pope * Clement V becomes pope and moves from Rome to Avignon in France * Popes live there for next 69 years

* In 1378, two popes chosen—one in Rome, one in Avignon * This obviously weakens the Church * Each declares the other false, causing split called Great Schism * In 1417, Council of Constance ends schism, chooses Martin V as pope

* It weakened the church.

* John Wycliffe - English * Jesus is head of the Church, not pope * Bible is the final authority, not pope * Jan Hus - Bohemian * Bible is final authority * Hus is excommunicated, tried as a heretic, burned at stake in 1415

* Also known as “Black Death” * One-third of the population of Europe died of the deadly disease (20-25 million) * 4 million in SW Asia * 35 million in China

* Where did the plague begin and how did it spread? * Began in Asia and spread through trade * Rats and fleas

 Painful swellings called buboes in the lymph nodes (armpit & groin)  Purplish or black spots on skin  Extremely high fever, chills, delirium, and in most cases death

* Epidemic terrifies and rips apart society “This scourge had implanted so great a terror in the hearts of men and women that brothers abandoned brother, uncles their nephews, sisters their brothers, and in many cases wives deserted their husbands. But even worse,…fathers and mothers refused to nurse and assist their own children.” Giovanni Boccaccio –The Decameron

* Vapors from earthquakes? * Alignment of planets and stars? * Divine punishment for sins? * Poisoned by the Jews?

* Became scapegoats * Accused of poisoning the town wells * Persecuted in Spain * Worst in Germany (Holy Roman Empire) * 60 Jewish communities in Germany wiped out * Many fled to Poland b/c king provided them protection

* Flagellants arose, their purpose being to atone for their own and others’ sins. * Bands of Flagellants traveled from town to town, beating themselves with whips studded with iron tips.

1. Turned to magicians who wrote on a piece of paper the magic sign ABRACADABRA arranged in the form of a triangle…It was supposed to ward off the evil eye. 2. Exotic amulets 3. Prayers written on a piece of paper and swallowed once a day 4. Medicines---one contained 60 ingredients including chopped snakes and clay 5. Burning herbs in the belief that by counteracting the stench of death, health would be preserved 6. Carrying around expensive and beautiful pomanders filled with oranges and cloves 7. Ringing of church bells (The clashing bells were supposed to moved the stagnant atmosphere.)

* Town populations fall * Trade declines * Prices rise * Some serfs leave manors for paying work (decline of the manorial system) * Many Jews blamed and killed

* When prayer and penance failed to stop the plague, the Church lost prestige.

* Written by Boccaccio about the plague * Stories are supposedly told by a group of people staying in a villa to avoid the plague sweeping through Italy

* 1337–1453 * England vs. France * English king Edward III claims French throne * War marks the end of medieval society * Change in style of warfare

* English claims to the French throne * War was fought on French soil

* Aug. 26, 1346 * English greatly outnumbered * French army used archers w/ crossbows, on horseback, w/ armor * The English used longbow * Victory of longbows signals end of reliance on knights

* English repeat victory w/ use of longbow

* 1415 * English outnumbered 6,000 troops to France’s 20,000-30,000 * Longbow successful for English again

* Peasant girl who believes in visions of the saints * Visions tell her to drive out English and give the French crown to Charles VI’s son * May 7, 1429 – Battle of Orleans * Captured by the Burgundians in 1430 where she is turned over to the English * Church condemns her as a witch & heretic for her voices * Burned at the stake on May 30, 1431; her trial lasted 3 months

* French king owed his crown to Joan but did nothing to rescue her * On July 7, 1456, twenty five years after Joan’s death, Charles found Joan not guilty of the original charges, leaving her reputations “washed clean…absolutely.” * Charles succeeded in uniting France as Joan had believed he would.

* France eventually won and England left France.

 Hundred Years’ War ends in 1453  END OF THE MIDDLE AGES and end of Age of Faith  France and England experience major changes  Rise in nationalistic feelings  King becomes national leader  Power and prestige of French monarch increases  Religious devotion and the code of chivalry crumbles  England begins period of turmoil, War of the Roses

* How might European history be different if the church had not split, the bubonic plague had been stopped at Venice, and England had won the Hundred Years’ War?

* True or False * 1. The Church was weakened when Pope Clement V began the practice of locating the pope’s residence in Paris. * Avignon * 2. The Great Schism involved a dispute over who was the one true ruler of France. * Pope

* 3. The Bubonic plague killed approximately one third of the population of Europe. * True * 4. The Scholar John Wycliff preached that Jesus Christ is the true head of the Church. * True

* 5. The French troops broke the siege of Orleans were led into battle by King Charles VII. * Joan of Arc * 6. Thomas Aquinas was burned at the stake as a heretic for teaching that the Bible had greater authority than the pope. * HUS

* 7. The most effective fighters at the battles of Crecy, Poitiers, and Agincourt, were the English longbowmen. * True * 8. In Europe, traders were wrongly blamed for the outbreak and spread of the Bubonic Plague. * Jews

* 9. When Pope Boniface VIII declared that monarchs musts always obey popes, King Philip IV of France had the pope excommunicated. * imprisoned