1 What is the phenomenon? How is it different & similar to another phenomenon? When is it exhibited vs. not? –What evidence to present? How to generate explanations? What explains its exhibition vs. non exhibition? (relevant to some cases) What kinds of information will help you “know more” about it? Use Summary of Questions to address in Presentation to develop Learning Goals Today’s focus Underlined

How is the phenomenon (hypothesis re: X & Y) different & similar to another phenomenon? –Define variables X & Y

1.Define concept by listing its features 2.Give examples of concept 3.Differentiate concept from confusing concept a)Give examples of confusing concept that can be mistaken for examples of the concept to be explained b)Compare features of the concept to be explained and the confusing concept Steps to follow when defining

Features of non-verbal communication skills (definition) –Ability to perceive & interpret emotions accurately –Convey emotional information to other Examples of non verbal communication –ability to decode/encode tone of voice –eye contact, –facial expressions Listing features & Giving Examples of Concept

Choose appropriate counter concept –E.g., comparing non-verbal skills with verbal skills is not as explanatory as comparing non verbal skills with interpersonal skills –E.g., Comparing introversion with extraversion is not effective in explaining what extraversion is than comparing extraversion with talkativeness or extraversion with agreeableness Differentiate concept from counter-concept when defining

Comparing concept with counter concept with features Non-Verbal SkillsInterpersonal Skills Convey emotional information with other Establish relationship with other Express & interpret emotions Control emotional expression Lower order skillsHigher order Potential chart to use in oral presentation

Not using good sources for definitions –Textbooks are C-level sources, use them to find original sources Not defining BOTH your variables –Some do only one….assuming the other is too simple! E.g., gender Care in distinguishing features of concept vs. causes/effects of concept E.g., What is happiness vs. What are its effects? Listing features is not the same as comparing Common errors in defining

8 Listing vs. Comparing Job StressJob Turnover -physically and mentally distressed -employee has intentions to quit -demands of job exceed employee’s perceived capacity -has negative view of job or organization Job InvolvementOrganizational Commitment -targeted towards individual- based goals -targeted towards reaching organizational goals -job is defined in terms of individual’s unique role in the organization -job is defined in terms of the whole organization Good Comparison Chart….

Use definitions used by sources giving you evidence for/against hypothesis –Helps in avoiding repetition in description of evidence –Could help in explaining inconsistencies in the evidence –But beware of differences in definitions & choose wisely based on your hypothesis Additional tips in defining variables

10 What is the phenomenon? How is it different & similar to another phenomenon? When is it exhibited vs. not? –What evidence to present? How to generate explanations? What explains its exhibition vs. non exhibition? (relevant to some cases) What kinds of information will help you “know more” about it? Summary of Questions to address Today’s focus Underlined

Give specific, relevant & sufficient detail about how sources support your hypothesis & counter hypothesis Sample size Measures used Size/direction of correlation OR Difference in mean Significance level Establish relevance of detail while providing it Evidence to present

Extraversion Social experiences + NV Skills + To develop explanation, convert hypothesis into question Why is Extraversion is related to non verbal skills? –BECAUSE extraverts have more social experiences Find a source to back up answer

Some articles (e.g., meta analyses) may not explain findings – they only provide data Use additional articles to explain findings if sources w/data supporting hypothesis don’t explain findings well Additional Tips for good explanations

One well fleshed out explanation is better than 2 explanations of 1 phrase each! Additional Tips for good explanations Examples of too many explanations of hypotheses Gender Career Advancement Self Confidence Stereotypes

Identify the correct counter hypothesis –E.g., Extraversion is not related to Non-verbal skills –E.g., Feedback is not related to performance –X is not related to Y Note: What is NOT a counter-hypothesis E.g., Ability is related to non verbal skills e.g., Ability is related to performance) Z is related to Y Generate a plausible reason for why evidence for counter-hypothesis exists Why are the variables NOT related

16 Extraversion Social experiences + NV Skills + Agreeableness Reason for why variables are not related + E is not related to NVS because agreeable extraverts have more social experiences whereas disagreeable extraverts have fewer social experiences

17 Agreeable Extraverts Social experiences + NV Skills + Detailed explanation for why variables are not related Disagreeable Extraverts Social experiences -NV Skills - E is not related to NVS because agreeable extraverts have more social experiences whereas disagreeable extraverts have fewer social experiences

1.Identify reason for hypothesis 2.Identify limitations of reasoning for hypothesis 3.Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence Steps to follow to explain why hypothesis is not supported

Improved Performance Feedback No change in performance No Feedback Task Relevant Information No Information 1. Assumption of the original Hypothesis Performance No FeedbackNo change FeedbackImproved

–Assumes that feedback always provides task relevant information But feedback can sometimes provide task- irrelevant information or information hurtful to the self 2. Demonstrate limitations of reason of evidence for hypothesis

Focus of feedback Attention to SelfAttention to Task FeedbackDoes not improveImprove No FeedbackDoes not improve 3. Explain the reason for the counter hypothesis & how that reason is supported with empirical evidence When feedback is focused on the self it does not improve performance.

Explaining with incorrect counter hypotheses Feedback Performance General Ability No plausible relation! Feedback Performance General Ability “Feedback does not affect performance because Ability affects performance”

Summary of how to explain & speaker allocation Counter-hypothesis Concept Hypothesis Defines concept Gives examples, counter examples Identifies features of concept Describe original hypo Discuss explanation of original hypo Identify counter evidence Show how new explanation explains counter & pro evidence Explains why or how variables are related