1. B0H4M
CHAPTER 12

2. PERCEPTION Perception. Psychological contract
The process through which people receive, organize and interpret information from the environment.
Psychological contract
A set of expectations held by an individual about what will be given and received in the employment relationship.

3. Perception and attribution.
The process of developing explanations for events.
Fundamental attribution error
Occurs when observers blame another’s performance failures or problems on internal factors rather than external factors.
Self-serving bias
Occurs because individuals blame their personal performance failures or problems on external factors and attribute their successes to internal factors.

4. Perceptual tendencies and distortions:
Stereotypes.
Halo effects.
Selective perception.
Projection.
Impression management
The systematic attempt to influence how others perceive us.
dress to convey positive appeal
flatter others to generate positive feelings
when conversing, make eye contact and smile
display a high level of energy

5. 12.2 PERSONALITY Personality “Big Five” personality traits:
The combination or overall profile of characteristics that makes one person unique from others.
“Big Five” personality traits:
Extroversion.
Agreeableness.
Conscientiousness.
Emotional stability.
Openness

6. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator:
Extraverted vs. introverted —whether a person tends toward being outgoing and sociable, or shy and quiet
Sensing vs. intuitive —whether a person tends to focus on details or on the big picture in dealing with problems
Thinking vs. feeling —whether a person tends to rely on logic or emotions in dealing with problems
Judging vs. perceiving —whether a person prefers order and control, or acts with flexibility and spontaneity

7. Other Personality Traits
Locus of control
Authoritarianism
Machiavellianism
Self-Monitoring
Type A personality

8. 12.3 ATTITUDES Attitude. Components of attitudes:
A predisposition to act in a certain way toward people and things in one’s environment.
Components of attitudes:
Cognitive component.
Affective or emotional component.
Behavioural component.
Cognitive dissonance.
The discomfort a person feels when attitudes and behaviour are inconsistent.

9. Job satisfaction.
The degree to which an individual feels positively or negatively about various aspects of work.
Common aspects of job satisfaction:
Work itself.
Supervision.
Co-workers.
Advancement opportunities.
Pay
Work conditions.
Security.

10. Strong and positive relationship between satisfaction and absenteeism and turnover.
Satisfaction-related concepts having quality of work life implications …
Job involvement
The extent to which an individual is dedicated to a job.
Organizational commitment
Loyalty of an individual to the organization.
Employee engagement
Willingness to help others and do extra.
ORGANITIONAL CITIZENSHIP

11. 12.4 EMOTIONS, MOODS AND STRESS
It is a strong feeling directed toward someone or something
Moods
They are generalized positive and negative feelings or states of mind that may persist for some time.
Stress
A state of tension experienced by individuals facing extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities.
Stressors
Things that cause stress
Originate in work, personal, and nonwork situations.
Have the potential to influence work attitudes, behaviour, job performance, and health

12. Work factors as potential stressors: Includes:
Excessively high or low task demands.
Role conflicts or ambiguities.
Poor interpersonal relationships.
Too slow or too fast career progress.
Work-related stress syndromes:
Set up to fail.
Mistaken identity.

13. Consequences of stress:
Constructive stress.
Acts as a positive influence.
Can be energizing and performance enhancing.
Destructive stress.
Acts as a negative influence.
Breaks down a person’s physical and mental systems.
Can lead to job burnout and/or workplace rage.

14. Personal wellness:
The pursuit of personal and mental potential though a personal health-promotion program.
A form of preventative stress management.
Enables people to be better prepared to deal with stress.