Chapter 16, Section 3 No End in Sight

Key Terms Ulysses S. Grant – Union general Battle of Shiloh – an 1862 battle in which the Union forced the Confederacy to retreat in some of the fiercest fighting in the Civil War Cavalry – soldiers on horseback Seven Days’ Battles – an 1862 Civil War battle in which the Confederacy forced the Union to retreat before it could capture the Southern capital of Richmond Battle of Antietam – a Civil War battle in 1862 in which 25,000 men were killed or wounded

Bell Ringer Look at the maps on pages In what states did most of the battles in the East take place? In the West? Why might so much of the fighting have taken place in or near border states?

Describe the course of the war in the East in Describe the early days of the war in the West and at sea. Describe the outcome of the Battle of Antietam. Objectives:

What strategies did each side use to gain an advantage over the other in the early years of the war? After the First Battle of Bull Run, both the North and the South knew a difficult struggle lay ahead. Both sides searched to find the leaders and the strategies that would ensure victory.

After the panicked Union defeat at Bull Run, President Lincoln placed General George McClellan in command. McClellan was an experienced leader known for his patience and caution. McClellan trained his troops for seven months. McClellan finally moved toward Richmond in March 1862, but he delayed again to ask for reinforcements. Lincoln was frustrated by the delay.

Grant and McClellan were very different. Meanwhile, Union armies in the West went on the attack under the command of Ulysses S. Grant. McClellan was cautious and wore carefully fitted uniforms. Grant wore rumpled clothes and took chances.

Union forces made major advances in western land and naval battles in They took control of most of the Mississippi River. Grant’s army then marched toward a railroad center at Corinth.

Union Victories in the West 1. Why was control of rivers important? ▫Transportation (opened up a river highway into the South)  Union boats could travel as far South as northern Alabama

Before Grant could reach Corinth, he was attacked by Confederate forces in Shiloh.

The South suffered nearly 11,000 casualties. The Battle of Shiloh was costly yet important for both sides. The North lost more than 13,000 soldiers. Union forces gained control of western Tennessee and part of the Mississippi River.

The Battle of Shiloh (“place of peace”) 2. How did Shiloh signal a change from earlier battles of the war? ▫Fiercest fighting  Commanders rode into battle ▫High casualty rate 3. Why did Lincoln refuse to replace Grant? ▫McClellan was slow, stalling; Grant took action  “I can’t spare this man – he fights.”

The Union hoped that its great progress in the West would be enough to win the war. Two weeks later, a Union fleet led by David Farragut captured New Orleans, Louisiana. By the summer of 1862, Union forces had gained control of the entire Mississippi River.

The Fall of New Orleans 4. Why was naval power crucial in capturing New Orleans? ▫Union had the resources to attack by water ▫Rebel boats were outmatched by the Union warships 5. How did the fall of New Orleans advance Union strategy? ▫It helped the Union to achieve its goal of cutting the Confederacy in two

Although Union soldiers had been better trained, they were forced to retreat. In May 1862, Confederate troops stopped McClellan’s advance near Richmond. McClellan’s delay gave the Confederates time to prepare.

Both sides responded to the Confederate victory at Richmond. Lee decided to invade the North. He hoped a victory there would gain him support in Europe. McClellan discovered Lee’s plan. He also learned that Lee’s army was split into two parts.

Lee Claims Victories in the East 6. How was Lee able to gain the advantage in the East? ▫Lee sent members of the cavalry to spy on McClellan ▫After the Seven Days’ Battles, the Union retreated ▫Lee was able to end the Union threat in Virginia

Lee Invades the North 7. Why did Lee decide to invade the North? 1.He had many victories and thought now was the time to strike – when Union morale was low 2.He hoped a victory might force Lincoln to talk peace 3.The invasion would give VA farmers a rest from war during harvest season 4.Confederates could plunder Northern farms for food 5.Hoped the invasion would show that the Confederates could win the war (and get European support)  Some were ready to accept a new country; also they needed cotton

McClellan attacked the larger part of Lee’s army in the Battle of Antietam (September 17, 1862; Sharpsburg, MD) Both sides suffered huge casualties. Lee’s troops retreated. Lincoln was upset that McClellan did not pursue Lee.

The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest day of the Civil War for both Union and Confederate troops.

Bloody Antietam 8. Why was Antietam called the bloodiest day in all of American history? ▫25,000 men were killed or wounded ▫Neither side gained any ground 9. Why did Lincoln fire McClellan despite the Union victory at Antietam? ▫He was fed up and tired of McClellan’s stalling ▫McClellan failed to pursue Lee in VA to “finish off the Southern army”

Chapter 16 Review Crash Course video 1 covers:Crash Course video 1 ▫Causes of the war ▫Motivations of the individuals who went to war. ▫Strategy ▫Why the North won, and whether that outcome was inevitable.  The North's industrial and population advantages are examined, as are the problems of the Confederacy, including its need to build a nation at the same time it was fighting a war. Crash Course video 2 covers:Crash Course video 2 ▫How the Civil War played a large part in making the United States the country that it is today. ▫Key ways in which Abraham Lincoln influenced the outcome of the war, and how the lack of foreign intervention also helped the Union win the war. ▫Technology that made the Civil War different than previous wars. New weapons helped to influence the outcomes of battles, but photography influenced how the public at large perceived the war.