China Geography & Envr1 Egeo 324: East Asia Human Environment CHINA THE SETTING Part 3: Anthropogenic Regional Impacts and Environmental Policies and Impacts

China Geography & Envr2 Part 3 Historical Expansion Minority Areas Transportation Resource Base Industry

China Geography & Envr3 Historical Pattern of Expansion – over centuries shortages and political pressures have caused the growth of China Starts in North on Plains surrounding Huang He River -- Northern Inland foundation Gradually move South and from Inland areas to sea and also west & a bit north

China Geography & Envr4 Historical Growth of China

China Geography & Envr5 2 A.D.

China Geography & Envr6 “Chinese” Language evolution and current distribution in China

China Geography & Envr7 Chinese Empire at its 19 th Century Height

A very brief historical background 2500 BC Yellow Emperor – Han People start BC – Confucius, philosopher BC – first true emperor Qin Shi Huang – start of unified CHINA 206 BC -220 AD Han Dynasty – first great Chinese Dynasty 1911 End of Imperial China 1949 People’s Republic of China established China Geography & Envr8

9 Yellow “Emperor” From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Yellow Emperor The Yellow Emperor or Huang Di (Chinese: 黃帝, Simplified Chinese: 黄帝, pīnyīn: huángdì) is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is said to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese.Chinese Simplified Chinesepīnyīnlegendary Chinesecultural heroHan Chinese One of the Five Emperors, the Yellow Emperor is said by tradition to have reigned from 2698 BCE to 2599 BCE.Five Emperors2698 BCE2599 BCE The legend of his retreat to west in the war against the eastern Emperor Chi You at the Battle of Zhuolu ( 涿鹿 ) is seen as the establishment of the Han Chinese nationality.Chi YouBattle of ZhuoluHan Chinesenationality

Pre-Historic Five Emporers All these "emperors" were only people with great contributions or famous rulers of tribal unions. From the Bamboo Annals and Classic of History, their positions are known to have been attained by election by other chiefs in the tribal unions. When they die, their children may succeed the positions of the ruler of their own tribe, but not the position of the ruler of the tribal union. Their power is much less than the historical Chinese emperors,Bamboo AnnalsClassic of History China Geography & Envr10

First Historic Emperor of China The first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang ( 秦始皇 ), who coined a new term for "Emperor" (huangdi 皇帝 ) by combining the titles of "sovereign" (huang 皇 ) and "god-king" (di 帝 ) (which is homophonic with the name of the "Yellow Emperor", the first traditional emperor ( 黄 帝 ),) who had absolute power over the people.Emperor of ChinaQin Shi Huanggod-king absolute power China Geography & Envr11

China Geography & Envr12 First “Historical” Emperor of China

China Geography & Envr13 Qinshihuang Desperate For Longevity Qinshihuang, the first emperor who unified China in 221 B.C., was desperate in searching elixir of life, and even sent Taoists overseas for it. He died of illness at 49 in 210B.C., four years before his dynasty's collapse. When Qinshihuang was still alive, he began to build his mausoleum with some terracotta warrior pits. The Qinshihuang Mausoleum is located 30 km east to Xi'an, at the foot of Lishan hills. Qinshihuang's body is still buried there.

Summary Chinese people (Han) are almost 5,000 years old China as a unified state is about 2,000 years old The old guys and gals left a lot behind In 1911 the Imperial system ended In 1949 the current system began China Geography & Envr14

China Geography & Envr15 EXTERNAL: Barriers, Invasions & Isolationism Sinocentric isolation Mongolian/turkic peoples (barbarians) & reactions (over past 5,000 years) China attempts isolation, walls, xenophobia Barbarians from the “south” – Europeans 18 th century China Attempts isolation, exclusion Opium wars force open markets of country Geographic Keys Points

China Geography & Envr16 INTERNAL: Long historical spatial pattern Joining country into empire under new dynasties Fragmenting into separate kingdoms under declining dynasties Refer to Zhang et. al article for the a listing of this activity Geographic Keys Points

China Geography & Envr17 TIBET Inner Mongolia China’s Four Ethno/ Historic Regions 1. China Proper 2. Inner Mongolia 3. Xinjiang 4. Tibet

China Geography & Envr18 China Proper: The East

China Geography & Envr19 Border and Minority Areas Xinjiang Inner Mongolia Tibet Relationship to Minority Ethno-Linguistic Regions

Current Minority Tension China Geography & Envr20

China Geography & Envr21 The West

China Geography & Envr22 Ethno-Linguistic Patters

China Geography & Envr23 Ethno-Linguistic Patters

China Geography & Envr24 Xinjiang to Nei (Inner) Mongolia

China Geography & Envr25 Tibet

China Geography & Envr26