Organizational Behavior (MGT-502) Lecture-13

Summary of Lecture-12

Perception

Factors Influencing Perception The Perceiver The Target The Situation

Attribution The Process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes of others behavior

Fundamental Attribution Error The tendency to attribute others’ actions to internal causes (e.g their traits) while largely ignoring external factors that also may have influenced their behavior.

Impression Management Self-presentation Is the process by which people attempt to manage or control the perceptions other form of them.

Perception & Decision Making

Rational Decision-Making Model A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcomes.

Alternatives to Rational Decision- Making Bounded Rationality Intuitive Decision-making Decision-Making by Objection The Garbage Can Model

A Model of Bounded Rationality Ascertain the Need for a Decision Simplify the Problem Select Criteria Identify a Limited Set of Alternatives Compare Alternatives Against Criteria Expand Search for Alternatives Select the First “Good Enough” Choice A “Satisficing” Alternative Exists Yes No

Intuitive Decision Making u High uncertainty levels u Little precedent u Hard to predictable variables u Limited facts u Unclear sense of direction u Analytical data is of little use u Several plausible alternatives u Time constraints

Decision-Style Model Analytical BehavioralDirective Conceptual Low High RationalIntuitive Way of Thinking Tolerance for Ambiguity

Criteria of Decision Effectiveness Quality Timeliness Acceptance Ethical Appropriateness

Types of Managerial Decisions Programmed vs. Nonprogrammed Strategic vs. Operational Top-Down vs. Worker-Empowered

Methods of Improving Decision Making in Organizations Human-based Methods Computer-based Methods Brainstorming Nominal Group Technique Delphi Method

Today’s Topics

Motivation A state of mind, desire, energy or interest that translates into action.

Motivation –The inner drive that directs a person’s behavior toward goals.

Defining Motivation Key Elements 1.Intensity: how hard a person tries 2.Direction: toward beneficial goal 3.Persistence: how long a person tries The processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Intensity is concerned with how hard a person tries. This is the element most of us focus on when we talk about motivation. Direction is the orientation that benefits the organization. Persistence is a measure of how long a person can maintain his/her effort. Motivated individuals stay with a task long enough to achieve their goal.

Why Do We Care? Opportunity Motivation Performance = f (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) Ability PERFORMANCE

The Motivation Process

More money for unexpected medical expenses Need Ask for a raise Work harder to gain a promotion Look for a higher-paying job Steal More money Goal-directed behavior Need Satisfaction

Core Phases of the Motivational Process

1. Employee Identifies Needs 1. Employee Identifies Needs 2. Employee Searches for Ways to Satisfy These Needs 2. Employee Searches for Ways to Satisfy These Needs 3. Employee Selects Goal- Directed Behavior 3. Employee Selects Goal- Directed Behavior 6. Employee Reassesses Need Deficiencies 6. Employee Reassesses Need Deficiencies 5. Employee Receives Either Rewards or Punishments 5. Employee Receives Either Rewards or Punishments 4. Employee Performs 4. Employee Performs

Motivational Theories

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological needs (hunger, thirst) Safety needs (security, protection) Social needs (sense of belonging, love) Esteem needs (self-esteem, recognition, status) Self-actualization needs (self-development, realization)

Basic assumptions Once a need is satisfied, its role declines Needs are complex, with multiple needs acting simultaneously Lower level needs must be satiated before higher level needs are activated More ways exist to satisfy higher level needs

Individual and environment influence employee behavior Individuals decide behavior, although environment can place constraints Individuals have different needs/goals Decide among alternatives based on perception of behavior leading to desired outcome

Modified Maslow Model Physiological and Safety SocialEsteem Self Actualization Higher Level Lower Level

Alderfer’s ERG Theory A three-level hierarchical need theory of motivation that allows for movement up and down the hierarchy. E xistence Needs R elatedness Needs G rowth Needs

Alderfer’s ERG Model Individuals have 3 basic needs –Existence –Relatedness –Growth Needs correspond to Maslow’s Hierarchy Models differ in how needs are satisfied

ERG Theory Existence Relatedness Growth All needs are operative at one time

Theory X Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs.

Under Theory X, the four assumptions held by managers are: Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment to achieve goals. Employee will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible.

Theory Y Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. People will exercise self-direction and self- control if they are committed to the objectives. The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. The ability to make innovative decisions is widely spread throughout the population and is not necessarily the sole responsibility of those in management positions. Under Theory Y, the assumptions:

Theory Z A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Motivational Process Forces acting on/within person that cause specific, goal-directed behavior Work motivation  productivity Management’s job is to channel employee energy to achieve organizational goals

Motivation What is so difficult? Motivation is the set of forces that causes people to engage in one behavior rather than some alternative behavior.

What “energizes” us? Unsatisfied needs = deficiencies that a person experiences at any given time “Energizers” – create tensions  feelings of unrest  make effort to reduce tensions Goal – directed efforts – provide focus for energy release

Let’s stop it here

Summary

Motivation A state of mind, desire, energy or interest that translates into action.

Why Do We Care? Opportunity Motivation Performance = f (Ability, Motivation, Opportunity) Ability PERFORMANCE

Motivational Theories

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Alderfer’s ERG Theory A three-level hierarchical need theory of motivation that allows for movement up and down the hierarchy. E xistence Needs R elatedness Needs G rowth Needs

Theory X Management view that assumes workers generally dislike work and must be forced to do their jobs.

Theory Y Management view that assumes workers like to work and under proper conditions, employees will seek responsibility to satisfy social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

Theory Z A management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making.

Next….

Organizational Behavior (MGT-502) Lecture-13