Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Russia I.Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars II.Russia's First Westernization, III.Themes in Early Modern Russian History

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Rise of Russia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars 14th Century –Duchy of Moscow takes lead in expelling Mongols Ivan III (the Great) –Orthodox Christianity –By 1480, independent state

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Need for Revival Mongols –Laissez-faire policy Period of cultural and economic decline –Literacy decrease Ivan III –Restoration of traditional rule –Role overseeing church –Russia as the “Third Rome”

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Need for Revival Ivan IV (The Terrible) –Attacks boyars (nobles)

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Patterns of Expansion Expansion into central Asia –Into Siberia by 1500 Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats Trade with Asia increased Islam tolerated

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russian Expansion under the Early Tsars,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Western Contact and Romanov Policy Intentional turn to West Ivan III –Embassies to Western states Ivan IV –British begin trading Italian artists –Work on churches, Kremlin

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Western Contact and Romanov Policy Ivan IV dies without heir –Time of Troubles –Boyars attempt to take power –Sweden, Poland take territory Boyars choose Michael Romanov as tsar

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Western Contact and Romanov Policy Michael Romanov –Restores order, expels invaders –Takes part of Ukraine –Border extended to Ottoman region Alexis Romanov –Church purged of Mongol-era innovations  "Old Believers" exiled

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia's First Westernization, Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great –Policies  Autocratic  Reforms by fiat  Secret police  Conflict with Ottomans  Baltic port achieved  Capital to St. Petersburg

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia under Peter the Great

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert What Westernization Meant Bureaucratic changes –Navy created –Council of nobles ended  Replaced by dependent advisors –Provincial governors under central control –Town councils under royal authority –Laws codified

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert What Westernization Meant Economy –Metallurgical, mining industries expanded –Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing Culture –Nobles forced to shave beards –Western dress –Education improved in math Upper class only affected

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Consolidation under Catherine the Great Peter, dies 1724 –Weak rulers follow Catherine ( ), widow of Peter III –Pugachev peasant rebellion  Excuse to expand central power –Westernization –Absolutism  Nobles empowered over serfs  French Revolution causes reaction

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Consolidation under Catherine the Great Catherine ( ), widow of Peter III –Expansion  Crimea taken from Turks  Siberia  Alaska claimed Explorers into northern California  Partition of Poland

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia’s Holdings by 1800

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Themes in Early Modern Russian History Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses –Enserfment under Mongols  To placate nobles  Also to increase state control of peasantry –1649, serfdom hereditary –Later laws decrease peasants’ rights, mobility  Condition deteriorates in 18th century

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Trade and Economic Dependence 95 percent rural Small merchant class

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Social Unrest Call for reform by 1800 –Peasant unrest  Landlords blamed for difficulties Pugachev rising, 1770s –Height of discontent

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Russia and Eastern Europe Variations –Balkans  Under Ottomans  Influenced by Enlightenment –Several states lose autonomy –Poland  In Catholic sphere  Weakness leads to Partition

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: Russia and the World Growth of Russia –Expansion changes Russia’s position –Influence in Europe, the Middle East, east Asia –Still a small economic role

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions I.The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans II.Ming China: A Global Mission Refused III.Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Asian Transitions

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans European discoveries –Products not wanted in East –Muslim traders: Indian Ocean, southern Asia Missionary activity blocked by Islam –Asian political divisions advantageous

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Arab zone –Glass, carpet, tapestries Indian zone –Cotton textiles Chinese zone –Paper, porcelain, silk goods

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Asian Trading Network, c Marginal regions –Japan, southeast Asia, east Africa –Raw materials  Ivory, spices

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Routes and Major Products Exchanged in the Asian Trading Network, c. 1500

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut Portuguese use military force –Diu, 1509  Defeat Egyptian-Indian fleet Forts for defense –Ormuz, 1507 –Goa, 1510 –Malacca Goal: monopolize spice trade, control all shipping

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires 17th century –English and Dutch challenge Portuguese control Dutch –1620, take Malacca –Fort built at Batavia, 1620 –Concentrate on certain spices –Generally use force less  Use traditional system

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires English –India

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia Europeans restricted to coastlines –permission needed to trade inland Sporadic conflict –Portuguese, Dutch use force in Sri Lanka  Cinnamon –Spanish  Philippines Take North

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Pattern of Early European Expansion in Asia

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China: A Global Mission Refused Ming dynasty ( ) –Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang  Helps expel Mongols  Takes name Hongwu, 1368  Mongols forced north of Great Wall

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Another Scholar-Gentry Revival Restoration of scholar- gentry –High offices –Imperial schools restored –Civil service exam re- established

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Reform: Hongwu's Efforts to Root Out Abuses in Court Politics Chief minister –Position abolished –Hongwu takes powers Imperial wives from modest families

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Return to Scholar-Gentry Social Dominance Agricultural reforms –To improve peasants' lives –Balanced by encroaching landlord power Women –Confined –Bearing male children stressed

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert An Age of Growth: Agriculture, Population, Commerce, and the Arts American food crops –Marginal lands farmed Chinese manufactured goods in demand –Merchants profit Patronage of fine arts Innovations in literature –Woodblock printing

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming China and the Zheng He Expedition,

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Ming Decline and the Chinese Predicament Weak leaders Public works –Failures leading to starvation, rebellion Landlords exploitative Inflation from tax policy -- SILVER 1644, dynasty overthrown MANCHUS create QING Dynasty

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Nobunaga –Daimyo –Use of firearms –Deposes Ashikaga shogun, 1573  Killed, 1582

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Toyotomo Hideyoshi –Nobunaga's general –1590, rules Japan –Invades Korea, unsuccessful –Dies, 1598  Succession struggle

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Fending Off the West: Japan's Reunification and the First Challenge Tokugawa Ieyasu –Emerges victorious –1603, appointed shogun –Edo (Tokyo)  Direct rule of Honshu  Restoration of unity 250-year rule by Tokugawas

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan During the Rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Dealing with the European Challenge Traders, missionaries to Japan since 1543 –Firearms, clock, presses for Japanese silver, copper, finished goods Nobunaga protects Jesuits –to counter Buddhist power –Hideyoshi less tolerant  Buddhists now weak

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Foreign influence restricted from 1580s Christianity –Persecutions by 1590s –Banned, 1614

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Ieyasu –Increased isolation  1616, merchants restricted  By 1630, Japanese ships forbidden to sail overseas  By 1640s Dutch, Chinese visit only at Deshima island Complete isolation from mid-1600s

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Japan's Self-Imposed Isolation Tokugawa –Neo-Confucian revival  Replaced by National Learning school

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP*Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: An Age of Eurasian Protoglobalization Summary of the impact of early globalization –Decline of some indigenous commercial centers –Exchange not as striking or destructive as Columbian Exchange  Some plants introduced –Limited impact of European ideas –Asia impacted only on the periphery