1. The Rise of Russia

2. Introduction
Russian rulers (tsars) used genealogy to claim their power to rule
They were descendants of Rurik (founder of Russia)
Based empire on Rome
Considered themselves the “Third Rome”
Ruler leader of the church and divine mission

3. Introduction Important stuff: Tsars claimed a lot
Claims embodied significant contradictions
Russian expansion caused the empire to be complex and multi-facted

4. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
14th century Duchy of Moscow expelled Mongol (tartar) rule
Ivan III aka Ivan the Great
Organized strong army
Russia becomes an independent state
Territorial expansion
Revived Orthodox Christianity

5. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
I. The Need for Revival
Russia had become purely agricultural under Mongol rule
Cultural & economic decline occur
Literacy decreases
Russia resumed earlier patterns of Russian life after independence

6. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Ivan the Great
Restores traditional centralized rule
Asserts control of Orthodox churches
Calls Russia “Third Rome”
Tsar comes from caesar

7. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible
Continues Russian expansion
Emphasized tsartist autocracy by killing boyars (nobles)

8. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
II. Patterns of Expansion
Expansion into central Asia
Driven by desire to push back Mongols
Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands
Land grants/estates given to nobles & bureaucrats for loyalty
Slaves used
Trade with Asia increased
Islam tolerated

9. Russian Expansion Under the Tsars 1462-1598

10. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
III. Western Contact & Romanov Policy
Contact with W. Europe to improve Russia’s commercial & cultural disadvantages due to Mongol rule
Ivan III
Sent diplomats to leading Western States
Ivan IV
Begin trading with British
Trade furs & raw materials for manufactured goods

11. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Tsars import Italian artists & architects
Build Kremlin in Moscow
Time of Troubles
Ivan IV dies without an heir
Sweden & Poland attack
Boyars attempt to take power
1693 choose Michael Romanov for new Tsar

12. Kremlimn

14. Kremlin

15. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Romanov Dynasty rules until Russian Revolution in 1917
Michael Romanov
Restores order
Expels invaders
Resumes expansion
Ukraine
Boundaries extend to Ottoman Empire

16. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Alexis Romanov
Abolish boyar assemblies
Gained power over church
Exile “Old Believers” to Siberia
Maintain their religion
Expand colonization

17. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
I. Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great
Extends tsarist control
Expands territory
Reforms by Fiat
Sets up Chancery of Secret Police
Attacks Ottomans
Moves capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg

18. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
II. What Westernization Meant
Forms military hierarchy
Navy created
Bureaucratic changes
Noble council replaced by appointed advisors
Set up law codes
Revised tax system

19. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
Economy
Metallurgy and mining expand
State run munitions & shipbuilding
Serf labor used in manufacturing
Culture
Only affected upper class
Greater freedom of women
Requires nobles to shave beards & dress like Westerners
Educational improvements
Math & science

20. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
III. Consolidation under Catherine the Great
Weak rulers follow after Peter I dies
Catherine, Peter III’s widow, becomes effect ruler
Resumes Peter the Great’s interests
Pugachev peasant rebellion
Excuse to expand central power

21. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
Embraced Westernization
Absolutism
Nobles empowered over serfs
Bans writings of liberals & democrats after French Revolution
Expansion
Crimea from Ottomans
Extends colonization of Siberia
Claim Alaskan territory
Explores settle in N. California

22. Russia’s First Westernization 1690 - 1790
Partition of Poland
Eliminates Poland as an independent state
Divides Poland into three partitions among Russia, Austria, & Prussia
Defeats Napoleon defeated 1812
1st time Russia moves into heartland of W. Europe

24. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
I. Serfdom: The life of the Masses
During 17th & 18Th centuries power of boyars over serfs increased
Most peasants free farmers prior to Mongol rule
Serfdom allowed government to placate nobles & control peasants
Serfdom extended with expansion

25. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
1649 – serfdom becomes hereditary
Serfs legally tied to the land and legal rights of landlords increased
Very close to slavery
Serfs could be bought, sold, punished….
Serfs taxed and policed by landlords
Poland, Hungary, and other Eastern European countries mirrored serfdom in Russia

26. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
II. Trade and Economic Dependence
95% of population was rural
Small merchant class due to fear of social competition by nobility
Russian trade controlled by Westerners
Relied on Western shipping
Produced enough revenue from exports to continue expansion
Russia’s population doubles in 18th century
Economy advanced

27. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
III. Social Unrest
Russia’s economic and social system protested
Radishev – western oriented aristocrat called for abolition of serfdom
Peasant rebellions

28. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Pugachev Rebellion 1770’s
Pugachev was a cossack who claimed to be the legitimate tsar
Promised to end serfdom, taxes, & military conscription
Defeated and killed publically in Moscow
Catherine the Great & nobility triumph

29. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
IV. Russia & Eastern Europe
Growing trade with the West sparked cultural exchange
Balkans
Under Ottoman control
Influenced by the Englightenment

30. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Poland
Under control of Catholic sphere
Internal weakness lead to Partition
Many other states such as Hungary & Bohemia lost political autonomy