1. Russia’s Rise

2. Growth of Muscovy
Growth of Muscovy

3. Russia’s Expansionist Politics Under the Tsars
Ivan III- Ivan the Great- a large part of Russia freed from Mongol control after 1462 and by 1480 Moscow completely free of Mongol control
Ivan organized strong army, giving government new military emphasis
Ivan III called Russia a third Rome and assumed the title Czar and centralized authority
Ivan IV- Ivan the Terrible- killed many boyars he suspected of conspiracy

5. Expansion and Contacts
Early expansion towards Central Asia
Recruited Cossacks (peasant adventurers) to settle in new lands
Incorporation of large Muslim minority- turning it into a multinational empire similar to Ottomans and Mughals
Ivan IV established commercial contacts with Britain and western merchants established outposts in Moscow and other Russian centers
Time of troubles- Ivan IV left no heir, so after his death there were power claims by the boyars and attacks from Poland and Sweden
1613 member of the Romanov family chosen as tsar and the Romanov dynasty would rule until 1917

6. Russia’s First Westernization
Peter I continued policies of building tsarist control and expanding territory between
Great Embassy to westernize Russia
Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great
Crushed revolts
No interest in parliamentary features of Holland and Great Britain- more interested in absolutist trend
Modernized the military
Recruited bureaucrats from outside noble ranks
Secret police
St. Petersburg (Sweden reduced to second-rate military)

8. What Westernization Meant
Russian navy
Eliminated old noble councils
Systematized law codes
Training institutes
Economics- built up the metallurgical and mining industries
Culturally – got rid of whip at marriage ceremony, Western dress
Imitation process- changes were selective- mostly affected elites
Some elite opposed incorporation of the west arguing that Russian traditions were superior- tension still today

9. Consolidation under Catherine the Great
1724 Peter died and period of weak rule ensued until 1761, when his nephew and wife, Catherine, a German princess came to the throne
Catherine the Great ruled after her husband’s death and continued earlier policies of expansion and consolidation
Pugachev rebellion- peasant uprising that she put down and used as an excuse to extend the powers of the central government in regional affairs

10. 1762 Catherine the Great became empress
She was also a selective westernizer
She gave new powers to the nobility over their serfs
She patronized western art but closed the door to the French Revolution thinkers
Resumed campaigns against the Ottomans and got Crimea, claimed Alaska
Increased Russian interference with Polish affairs
Partition of Poland- 1772, 1793, 1795 agreements with Austria and Prussia eliminated ind. Poland
1796 Catherine died

12. Serfdom: The Life of East Europe’s Masses
17th-18th centuries power of the nobility over the serfs increased greatly.
By 1800 half of population serfs
1649 – serfdom hereditary and close to slavery
Agriculture and growing economic subordination to the west (dependent relationships of exporting raw materials and importing manufactured goods)
1785 law allowed landlords to punish harshly any serfs convicted of major crimes or rebellion

13. Trade and Economic Dependence
95% population rural and really only 2 classes: serfs and landlords
But it did produce enough revenue to support expansion and population growth
Agricultural and manufacturing methods behind

14. Social Unrest
By end of 18th century recurring peasant rebellions and small number of western-oriented aristocrats calling for abolition of serfdom
Pugachev rebellion -1770s by Emelian Pugachev (imprisoned and executed by Catherine)

15. Russia and Eastern Europe
Fluctuating borderland of influence, where Poland and Bohemia (Czech rep.) oriented towards west and Hungary part of Hapsburgs
Poland largest state in eastern Europe besides Russia ( Poland formed in 1386) By 1600 in decline. Lack of urban centers and merchant class, aristocratic parliament vetoed reforms