1. 21
The Rise of Russia

2. Figure 21. 1 Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682–1696
Figure Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682–1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested.
Figure Early Russian tsar Ivan V, 1682–1696. Ivan was actually sickly and ineffective and soon gave way to Peter the Great. But the portrait suggests the symbolism with which the tsars were invested.

3. Chapter Overview Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
Themes in Early Modern Russian History

4. TIMELINE C.E. to 1750 C.E.
TIMELINE C.E. to 1750 C.E.

5. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
14th Century
Duchy of Moscow takes lead in expelling Mongols
Ivan III (the Great)
Orthodox Christianity
By 1480, independent state

6. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
The Need for Revival
Mongols
Laissez-faire policy
Period of cultural and economic decline
Literacy decrease
Ivan III
Restoration of traditional rule
Role overseeing church
Russia as the "Third Rome"

7. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
The Need for Revival
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
Attacks boyars (nobles)

8. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
Patterns of Expansion
Expansion into central Asia
Into Siberia by 1500
Cossacks (peasants) recruited to settle new lands
Land grants to nobles, bureaucrats
Trade with Asia increased
Islam tolerated

9. Map Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars, 1462–1598 From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions; the move into Siberia involved pioneering new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward. Political controls extended gradually as well.
Map Russian Expansion Under the Early Tsars, 1462–1598 From its base in the Moscow region, Russia expanded in three directions; the move into Siberia involved pioneering new settlements, as the government encouraged Russians to push eastward. Political controls extended gradually as well.

10. Multinational Empires
Russia
Most successful multinational empire of its time
Tolerant of internal diversity
Benefitted from selective copying
Contemporaneous importance of nation-state
England and France move to standardize
Cohesion of politics and national culture

11. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
Western Contact and Romanov Policy
Intentional turn to West
Ivan III
Embassies to Western states
Ivan IV
British begin trading
Italian artists
Work on churches, Kremlin

12. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
Western Contact and Romanov Policy
Ivan IV dies without heir
Time of Troubles
Boyars attempt to take power
Sweden, Poland take territory
Boyars choose Michael Romanov as tsar

13. Russia's Expansionist Politics under the Tsars
Western Contact and Romanov Policy
Michael Romanov
Restores order, expels invaders
Takes part of Ukraine
Border extended to Ottoman region
Alexis Romanov
Church purged of Mongol-era innovations
"Old Believers" exiled

14. Figure This icon, from the 15th century, depicts Mary and the Christ Child. The Russian icon tradition used styles derived from Byzantine art. By the 17th century, under Western influence, they had become more naturalistic.
Figure This icon, from the 15th century, depicts Mary and the Christ Child. The Russian icon tradition used styles derived from Byzantine art. By the 17th century, under Western influence, they had become more naturalistic.

15. Map Russia Under Peter the Great From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired "Window on the West" on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.
Map Russia Under Peter the Great From 1696 to 1725, Peter the Great allowed his country only one year of peace. For the rest of this reign he radically changed the form of his government to pursue war. By the end, he had established his much-desired "Window on the West" on the southern shores of the Baltic Sea, where he founded the new city of St. Petersburg.

16. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
Tsarist Autocracy of Peter the Great
Policies
Autocratic
Reforms by fiat
Secret police
Conflict with Ottomans
Baltic port achieved
Capital to St. Petersburg

17. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
What Westernization Meant
Bureaucratic changes
Navy created
Council of nobles ended
Replaced by dependent advisors
Provincial governors under central control
Town councils under royal authority
Laws codified

18. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
What Westernization Meant
Economy
Metallurgical, mining industries expanded
Pressure to use serfs in manufacturing
Culture
Nobles forced to shave beards
Western dress
Education improved in math
Only upper class affected

19. Figure This contemporary Russian cartoon lampoons Peter the Great's order to his nobility to cut off their beards.
Figure This contemporary Russian cartoon lampoons Peter the Great's order to his nobility to cut off their beards.

20. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
Consolidation under Catherine the Great
Peter, dies 1724
Weak rulers follow
Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III
Pugachev peasant rebellion
Excuse to expand central power

21. Figure Catherine the Great in the costume of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.
Figure Catherine the Great in the costume of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom, war, and the arts.

22. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
Consolidation under Catherine the Great
Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III
Westernization
Absolutism
Nobles empowered over serfs
French Revolution causes reaction

23. Russia's First Westernization, 1690–1790
Consolidation under Catherine the Great
Catherine (1762–1796), widow of Peter III
Expansion
Crimea taken from Turks
Siberia
Alaska claimed
Explorers into northern California
Partition of Poland

24. Map Russia's Holdings by 1800 Expansion fluctuated from one decade to the next but persisted, bringing Russia into encounters with Europe, the Ottoman empire, and East Asia.
Map Russia's Holdings by 1800 Expansion fluctuated from one decade to the next but persisted, bringing Russia into encounters with Europe, the Ottoman empire, and East Asia.

25. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Serfdom: The Life of East Europe's Masses
Enserfment under Mongols
To placate nobles
Also to increase state control of peasantry
1649, serfdom hereditary
Later laws decrease peasants' rights, mobility
Condition deteriorates in 18th century

26. Visualizing the Past Oppressed Peasants

27. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Estate Agriculture, Trade, and Dependence
95 percent rural
Small merchant class
Limited by desire to maintain tradition, not motivated to improve

28. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Social Unrest
Call for reform by 1800
Peasant unrest
Landlords blamed for difficulties
Pugachev rising, 1770s
Height of discontent

29. Figure The Cossack leader Emelian Pugachev attracted supporters by appealing to the popular belief that Peter III, Catherine's husband, was still alive. Claiming to be Peter III, he led a revolt in 1773–1774 that threatened Catherine's throne. When the revolt was defeated, Pugachev was brutally executed as an example to other potential revolutionaries.
Figure The Cossack leader Emelian Pugachev attracted supporters by appealing to the popular belief that Peter III, Catherine's husband, was still alive. Claiming to be Peter III, he led a revolt in 1773–1774 that threatened Catherine's throne. When the revolt was defeated, Pugachev was brutally executed as an example to other potential revolutionaries.

30. Themes in Early Modern Russian History
Russia and Eastern Europe
Variations
Balkans
Under Ottomans
Influenced by Enlightenment
Several states lose autonomy
Poland
In Catholic sphere
Weakness leads to Partition