Chapter 11 Nutrition, Food, & Fitness Nutrition for all Ages Chapter 11 Nutrition, Food, & Fitness

Pregnancy A woman needs extra amounts of many nutrients during pregnancy. It’s best to prepare for these needs before pregnancy. This will allow: The woman to build reserves of some nutrients The woman to know which foods will increase her nutrient intake during pregnancy. Pregnant women need extra protein to help build fetal tissue and to support changes in their body supplies. Many women already consume enough protein so they do not need to adjust their diets to meet protein needs during pregnancy.

Pregnancy Continued… Pregnant women need increased amounts of vitamins, especially folate, at the beginning of pregnancy to aid in normal development of the brain and spinal cord of the baby. Pregnant women need more B12 – but it occurs naturally only in animal foods. Vegetarians need to supplement this vitamin need in other ways. Many women have trouble meeting all their needs through diet alone. Some health professionals often prescribe vitamin and mineral supplements.

Problem Solving Janine has just found out she is pregnant. She knows how important it is to get the calcium her baby needs to form strong bones. However, Janine does not like the taste of milk as a beverage. What other foods can provide Janine with the calcium she needs. What other advice would you give Janine? Calcium-Rich Foods

Pregnancy Continued… Along with extra nutrients, a pregnant woman needs extra calories to support fetal development. No changes in 1st trimester 2nd trimester – 340 calorie increase a day 3rd trimester – add another 110 calories per day Need to gain roughly 25-35 pounds depending on weight before pregnancy. Underweight needs to gain more and overweight prior to pregnancy needs to gain less

Infants Infants need the same variety of nutrients as adults Infants also need high-quality protein to support growth of muscles and other body tissues. Ample supply of calcium and phosphorus is essential for development of bones and teeth. Breast milk or infant formula is designed to meet infants’ needs for these and other nutrients.

Size of a Newborn’s Stomach 1 smaller tummy = more frequent feedings

Toddlers Toddlers need the same variety of nutrients as adults Growing active children have proportionately greater nutritional needs than adults. Children require more of each nutrient per pound of body weight. Toddlers still need proportionately more nutrients than adults, but their needs are proportionately smaller than those of the infant

Sample Food Plan for Preschoolers

Childhood Preschool and school-age children need more total calories than infants and toddlers due to their larger body size. Boys and girls between ages 3 and 8 need about 1,700 calories per day Daily requirements for high-quality protein and many vitamins and minerals increase for children ages four and over Children should eat a variety of nutritious foods to meet their nutrient needs. Children’s diets should contain enough calories from carbohydrates to spare protein for tissue building.

Adolescence Calorie needs in adolescence are higher than they are in late childhood. Specific needs vary with an adolescent’s growth rate, gender, and activity level. Average caloric requirement for active females 14-18 year olds is about 2,300 calories. Males need more need more - about 3,100 per day More active = more calories; less active = less calories

Adulthood Nutritional needs of adults is similar to those of adolescents Adults need nutrients mainly to support vital body functions. Because bones are no longer growing less calcium and phosphorus are needed Calorie needs gradually decrease in adulthood because of lowering of basal metabolic rate

Older Adulthood 50 plus needs more calcium and vitamin D Women over 50 need calcium to help maintain strong bones after menopause Older adults require fewer calories to maintain body weight. Some older adults become less active, thus decreasing caloric need

Special Problems of the Elderly Diet may need to change due to medications or chronic illness Diminished sense of taste makes food less pleasurable Tooth loss may make chewing difficult May be isolated, especially if living alone, and not motivated to cook for themselves Limited income & limited mobility can make shopping for and preparing meals difficult

Eating Concerns of Infants & Toddlers Though nutrient need are high during infancy their stomachs are small which calls for frequent feedings Food dislikes are learned – if a caregiver is negative to a certain food the child may reject food too Lack of teeth can be the source of eating problems for young toddlers One year old may only have 6 teeth so chewing can be difficult and could lead to choking To make chewing easier, mash into pulp or chop into bite-sized pieces Toddlers can also choke on nuts, grapes, seeds, gristle in meat, round slices of hot dog and carrots, and hard candies.

Foods that Cause Choking Hazards